Treatment Effect papers, 2023–2026

Key findings

• Treatment Effect went from 75 papers in 2023 to 106 in 2026, roughly 1.4x in three years.
• NeurIPS publishes the most Treatment Effect work: 131 papers from 2023 to 2026, 34% of the four-venue total.
• The fastest-growing overlap is with General ML · unsupervised and semisupervised learning: papers tagged with both rose from 3 in 2023 to 10 in 2026.
• Among the 5 topics under Causal and Fairness, it ranks #2 by 2026 paper count; the fastest grower in the group, Causal Discovery, is up 2.4x versus 1.4x here.

Representative papers

Spread across years and venues so every edition shows up

• NeurIPS 2026Assessing the robustness of heterogeneous treatment effects in survival analysis under informative censoring
• ICML 2026Causal Effect Identifiability in the Presence of Latent Confounders Without Auxiliary Variables
• ICLR 2026ActiveCQ: Active Estimation of Causal Quantities
• CVPR 2026Event Stream Filtering via Probability Flux Estimation
• NeurIPS 2025Born a Transformer -- Always a Transformer? On the Effect of Pretraining on Architectural Abilities
• ICML 2025A Meta-learner for Heterogeneous Effects in Difference-in-Differences
• ICLR 2025Causal Effect Estimation with Mixed Latent Confounders and Post-treatment Variables
• CVPR 2025Any6D: Model-free 6D Pose Estimation of Novel Objects
• NeurIPS 2024Benchmarking Estimators for Natural Experiments: A Novel Dataset and a Doubly Robust Algorithm
• ICML 2024A Generative Approach for Treatment Effect Estimation under Collider Bias: From an Out-of-Distribution Perspective
• ICLR 2024A Variational Framework for Estimating Continuous Treatment Effects with Measurement Error
• CVPR 2024LightOctree: Lightweight 3D Spatially-Coherent Indoor Lighting Estimation
• NeurIPS 2023An Efficient Doubly-Robust Test for the Kernel Treatment Effect
• ICML 2023A Three-regime Model of Network Pruning
• ICLR 2023Causal Estimation for Text Data with (Apparent) Overlap Violations
• CVPR 2023HRDFuse: Monocular 360deg Depth Estimation by Collaboratively Learning Holistic-With-Regional Depth Distributions
• NeurIPS 2026Automated Causal Effect Estimation through Self-Evolving AI
• ICML 2026Causal-EPIG: Causally Aligned Active CATE Estimation
• ICLR 2026Foundation Models for Causal Inference via Prior-Data Fitted Networks
• CVPR 2026The Invisible Gorilla Effect in Out-of-distribution Detection

All Treatment Effect papers

385 papers, page 5 of 8

201. NeurIPS 2025SingRef6D: Monocular Novel Object Pose Estimation with a Single RGB Reference
202. NeurIPS 2025The Hawthorne Effect in Reasoning Models: Evaluating and Steering Test Awareness
203. NeurIPS 2025Transferring Causal Effects using Proxies
204. NeurIPS 2025Treatment Effect Estimation for Optimal Decision-Making
205. CVPR 20243DSFLabelling: Boosting 3D Scene Flow Estimation by Pseudo Auto-labelling
206. CVPR 2024A Call to Reflect on Evaluation Practices for Age Estimation: Comparative Analysis of the State-of-the-Art and a Unified Benchmark
207. CVPR 2024AirPlanes: Accurate Plane Estimation via 3D-Consistent Embeddings
208. CVPR 2024An Interactive Navigation Method with Effect-oriented Affordance
209. CVPR 2024Confronting Ambiguity in 6D Object Pose Estimation via Score-Based Diffusion on SE(3)
210. CVPR 2024Cross-spectral Gated-RGB Stereo Depth Estimation
211. CVPR 2024HOISDF: Constraining 3D Hand-Object Pose Estimation with Global Signed Distance Fields
212. CVPR 2024ICP-Flow: LiDAR Scene Flow Estimation with ICP
213. CVPR 2024Instantaneous Perception of Moving Objects in 3D
214. CVPR 2024LightOctree: Lightweight 3D Spatially-Coherent Indoor Lighting Estimation
215. CVPR 2024MRC-Net: 6-DoF Pose Estimation with MultiScale Residual Correlation
216. CVPR 2024NeISF: Neural Incident Stokes Field for Geometry and Material Estimation
217. CVPR 2024No More Ambiguity in 360deg Room Layout via Bi-Layout Estimation
218. CVPR 2024Passive Snapshot Coded Aperture Dual-Pixel RGB-D Imaging
219. CVPR 2024Revisiting Global Translation Estimation with Feature Tracks
220. CVPR 2024Rolling Shutter Correction with Intermediate Distortion Flow Estimation
221. CVPR 2024Towards Co-Evaluation of Cameras HDR and Algorithms for Industrial-Grade 6DoF Pose Estimation
222. CVPR 2024UniDepth: Universal Monocular Metric Depth Estimation
223. ICLR 2024A Linear Algebraic Framework for Counterfactual Generation
224. ICLR 2024A Neural Framework for Generalized Causal Sensitivity Analysis
225. ICLR 2024A Variational Framework for Estimating Continuous Treatment Effects with Measurement Error
226. ICLR 2024Bayesian Neural Controlled Differential Equations for Treatment Effect Estimation
227. ICLR 2024Be Aware of the Neighborhood Effect: Modeling Selection Bias under Interference
228. ICLR 2024Bounds on Representation-Induced Confounding Bias for Treatment Effect Estimation
229. ICLR 2024Defining Expertise: Applications to Treatment Effect Estimation
230. ICLR 2024Doubly Robust Proximal Causal Learning for Continuous Treatments
231. ICLR 2024Dropout-Based Rashomon Set Exploration for Efficient Predictive Multiplicity Estimation
232. ICLR 2024Empirical Analysis of Model Selection for Heterogeneous Causal Effect Estimation
233. ICLR 2024Independent-Set Design of Experiments for Estimating Treatment and Spillover Effects under Network Interference
234. ICLR 2024ODICE: Revealing the Mystery of Distribution Correction Estimation via Orthogonal-gradient Update
235. ICLR 2024On the Effect of Batch Size in Byzantine-Robust Distributed Learning
236. ICLR 2024Outliers with Opposing Signals Have an Outsized Effect on Neural Network Optimization
237. ICLR 2024The Joint Effect of Task Similarity and Overparameterization on Catastrophic Forgetting — An Analytical Model
238. ICLR 2024Treatment Effects Estimation By Uniform Transformer
239. ICML 2024A Generative Approach for Treatment Effect Estimation under Collider Bias: From an Out-of-Distribution Perspective
240. ICML 2024Active Adaptive Experimental Design for Treatment Effect Estimation with Covariate Choice
241. ICML 2024Asymptotically Optimal and Computationally Efficient Average Treatment Effect Estimation in A/B testing
242. ICML 2024Automating the Selection of Proxy Variables of Unmeasured Confounders
243. ICML 2024Better Locally Private Sparse Estimation Given Multiple Samples Per User
244. ICML 2024By Tying Embeddings You Are Assuming the Distributional Hypothesis
245. ICML 2024Causal Effect Identification in LiNGAM Models with Latent Confounders
246. ICML 2024Causal Inference out of Control: Estimating Performativity without Treatment Randomization
247. ICML 2024Continuous Treatment Effects with Surrogate Outcomes
248. ICML 2024Density Ratio Estimation with Doubly Strong Robustness
249. ICML 2024DISCRET: Synthesizing Faithful Explanations For Treatment Effect Estimation
250. ICML 2024DNA-SE: Towards Deep Neural-Nets Assisted Semiparametric Estimation

FAQ

How many Treatment Effect papers were published at NeurIPS, ICLR, ICML and CVPR from 2023 to 2026?

385 in total: 75 in 2023, 106 in 2024, 98 in 2025, 106 in 2026.

How many Treatment Effect papers are at NeurIPS 2026?

NeurIPS 2026 has 44 Treatment Effect papers, versus 34 the year before.

How many Treatment Effect papers are at ICLR 2026?

ICLR 2026 has 18 Treatment Effect papers, versus 16 the year before.

How many Treatment Effect papers are at ICML 2026?

ICML 2026 has 27 Treatment Effect papers, versus 31 the year before.

How many Treatment Effect papers are at CVPR 2026?

CVPR 2026 has 17 Treatment Effect papers, versus 17 the year before.

Which conference publishes the most Treatment Effect papers?

NeurIPS, with 131 papers from 2023 to 2026.