Treatment Effect papers, 2023–2026

Key findings

• Treatment Effect went from 75 papers in 2023 to 106 in 2026, roughly 1.4x in three years.
• NeurIPS publishes the most Treatment Effect work: 131 papers from 2023 to 2026, 34% of the four-venue total.
• The fastest-growing overlap is with General ML · unsupervised and semisupervised learning: papers tagged with both rose from 3 in 2023 to 10 in 2026.
• Among the 5 topics under Causal and Fairness, it ranks #2 by 2026 paper count; the fastest grower in the group, Causal Discovery, is up 2.4x versus 1.4x here.

Representative papers

Spread across years and venues so every edition shows up

• NeurIPS 2026Assessing the robustness of heterogeneous treatment effects in survival analysis under informative censoring
• ICML 2026Causal Effect Identifiability in the Presence of Latent Confounders Without Auxiliary Variables
• ICLR 2026ActiveCQ: Active Estimation of Causal Quantities
• CVPR 2026Event Stream Filtering via Probability Flux Estimation
• NeurIPS 2025Born a Transformer -- Always a Transformer? On the Effect of Pretraining on Architectural Abilities
• ICML 2025A Meta-learner for Heterogeneous Effects in Difference-in-Differences
• ICLR 2025Causal Effect Estimation with Mixed Latent Confounders and Post-treatment Variables
• CVPR 2025Any6D: Model-free 6D Pose Estimation of Novel Objects
• NeurIPS 2024Benchmarking Estimators for Natural Experiments: A Novel Dataset and a Doubly Robust Algorithm
• ICML 2024A Generative Approach for Treatment Effect Estimation under Collider Bias: From an Out-of-Distribution Perspective
• ICLR 2024A Variational Framework for Estimating Continuous Treatment Effects with Measurement Error
• CVPR 2024LightOctree: Lightweight 3D Spatially-Coherent Indoor Lighting Estimation
• NeurIPS 2023An Efficient Doubly-Robust Test for the Kernel Treatment Effect
• ICML 2023A Three-regime Model of Network Pruning
• ICLR 2023Causal Estimation for Text Data with (Apparent) Overlap Violations
• CVPR 2023HRDFuse: Monocular 360deg Depth Estimation by Collaboratively Learning Holistic-With-Regional Depth Distributions
• NeurIPS 2026Automated Causal Effect Estimation through Self-Evolving AI
• ICML 2026Causal-EPIG: Causally Aligned Active CATE Estimation
• ICLR 2026Foundation Models for Causal Inference via Prior-Data Fitted Networks
• CVPR 2026The Invisible Gorilla Effect in Out-of-distribution Detection

All Treatment Effect papers

59 papers, page 1 of 2

1. ICLR 2026A Relative Error-Based Evaluation Framework of Heterogeneous Treatment Effect Estimators
2. ICLR 2026ActiveCQ: Active Estimation of Causal Quantities
3. ICLR 2026Direct Doubly Robust Estimation of Conditional Quantile Contrasts
4. ICLR 2026Foundation Models for Causal Inference via Prior-Data Fitted Networks
5. ICLR 2026Good allocations from bad estimates
6. ICLR 2026Heterogeneous Front-Door Effects: Debiased Estimation with Quasi-Oracle Guarantees
7. ICLR 2026IGC-Net for conditional average potential outcome estimation over time
8. ICLR 2026Matching without Group Barrier for Heterogeneous Treatment Effect Estimation
9. ICLR 2026Modeling Interference for Treatment Effect Estimation in Network Dynamic Environment
10. ICLR 2026NIMO: a Nonlinear Interpretable MOdel
11. ICLR 2026On the Interpolation Effect of Score Smoothing in Diffusion Models
12. ICLR 2026Overlap-Adaptive Regularization for Conditional Average Treatment Effect Estimation
13. ICLR 2026Overlap-weighted orthogonal meta-learner for treatment effect estimation over time
14. ICLR 2026RESA: Bringing Back What Sparse Attention Ignores with Residual Estimation
15. ICLR 2026Revenue Maximization Under Sequential Price Competition Via The Estimation Of $s$-Concave Demand Functions
16. ICLR 2026SurvHTE-Bench: A Benchmark for Heterogeneous Treatment Effect Estimation in Survival Analysis
17. ICLR 2026The Effect of Attention Head Count on Transformer Approximation
18. ICLR 2026The Matthew Effect of AI Programming Assistants: A Hidden Bias in Software Evolution
19. ICLR 2025Bayesian Treatment of the Spectrum of the Empirical Kernel in (Sub)Linear-Width Neural Networks
20. ICLR 2025Causal Effect Estimation with Mixed Latent Confounders and Post-treatment Variables
21. ICLR 2025Causal Graph Transformer for Treatment Effect Estimation Under Unknown Interference
22. ICLR 2025Comparing Targeting Strategies for Maximizing Social Welfare with Limited Resources
23. ICLR 2025Constructing Confidence Intervals for Average Treatment Effects from Multiple Datasets
24. ICLR 2025Differentially private learners for heterogeneous treatment effects
25. ICLR 2025Doubly robust identification of treatment effects from multiple environments
26. ICLR 2025Effective and Efficient Time-Varying Counterfactual Prediction with State-Space Models
27. ICLR 2025Estimation of single-cell and tissue perturbation effect in spatial transcriptomics via Spatial Causal Disentanglement
28. ICLR 2025Gaussian Mixture Counterfactual Generator
29. ICLR 2025Incremental Causal Effect for Time to Treatment Initialization
30. ICLR 2025Mini-Monkey: Alleviating the Semantic Sawtooth Effect for Lightweight MLLMs via Complementary Image Pyramid
31. ICLR 2025Model-agnostic meta-learners for estimating heterogeneous treatment effects over time
32. ICLR 2025Rapid Selection and Ordering of In-Context Demonstrations via Prompt Embedding Clustering
33. ICLR 2025Time After Time: Deep-Q Effect Estimation for Interventions on When and What to do
34. ICLR 2025Universal Sharpness Dynamics in Neural Network Training: Fixed Point Analysis, Edge of Stability, and Route to Chaos
35. ICLR 2024A Linear Algebraic Framework for Counterfactual Generation
36. ICLR 2024A Neural Framework for Generalized Causal Sensitivity Analysis
37. ICLR 2024A Variational Framework for Estimating Continuous Treatment Effects with Measurement Error
38. ICLR 2024Bayesian Neural Controlled Differential Equations for Treatment Effect Estimation
39. ICLR 2024Be Aware of the Neighborhood Effect: Modeling Selection Bias under Interference
40. ICLR 2024Bounds on Representation-Induced Confounding Bias for Treatment Effect Estimation
41. ICLR 2024Defining Expertise: Applications to Treatment Effect Estimation
42. ICLR 2024Doubly Robust Proximal Causal Learning for Continuous Treatments
43. ICLR 2024Dropout-Based Rashomon Set Exploration for Efficient Predictive Multiplicity Estimation
44. ICLR 2024Empirical Analysis of Model Selection for Heterogeneous Causal Effect Estimation
45. ICLR 2024Independent-Set Design of Experiments for Estimating Treatment and Spillover Effects under Network Interference
46. ICLR 2024ODICE: Revealing the Mystery of Distribution Correction Estimation via Orthogonal-gradient Update
47. ICLR 2024On the Effect of Batch Size in Byzantine-Robust Distributed Learning
48. ICLR 2024Outliers with Opposing Signals Have an Outsized Effect on Neural Network Optimization
49. ICLR 2024The Joint Effect of Task Similarity and Overparameterization on Catastrophic Forgetting — An Analytical Model
50. ICLR 2024Treatment Effects Estimation By Uniform Transformer

FAQ

How many Treatment Effect papers were published at NeurIPS, ICLR, ICML and CVPR from 2023 to 2026?

385 in total: 75 in 2023, 106 in 2024, 98 in 2025, 106 in 2026.

How many Treatment Effect papers are at NeurIPS 2026?

NeurIPS 2026 has 44 Treatment Effect papers, versus 34 the year before.

How many Treatment Effect papers are at ICLR 2026?

ICLR 2026 has 18 Treatment Effect papers, versus 16 the year before.

How many Treatment Effect papers are at ICML 2026?

ICML 2026 has 27 Treatment Effect papers, versus 31 the year before.

How many Treatment Effect papers are at CVPR 2026?

CVPR 2026 has 17 Treatment Effect papers, versus 17 the year before.

Which conference publishes the most Treatment Effect papers?

NeurIPS, with 131 papers from 2023 to 2026.