Treatment Effect papers, 2023–2026

Key findings

• Treatment Effect went from 75 papers in 2023 to 106 in 2026, roughly 1.4x in three years.
• NeurIPS publishes the most Treatment Effect work: 131 papers from 2023 to 2026, 34% of the four-venue total.
• The fastest-growing overlap is with General ML · unsupervised and semisupervised learning: papers tagged with both rose from 3 in 2023 to 10 in 2026.
• Among the 5 topics under Causal and Fairness, it ranks #2 by 2026 paper count; the fastest grower in the group, Causal Discovery, is up 2.4x versus 1.4x here.

Representative papers

Spread across years and venues so every edition shows up

• NeurIPS 2026Assessing the robustness of heterogeneous treatment effects in survival analysis under informative censoring
• ICML 2026Causal Effect Identifiability in the Presence of Latent Confounders Without Auxiliary Variables
• ICLR 2026ActiveCQ: Active Estimation of Causal Quantities
• CVPR 2026Event Stream Filtering via Probability Flux Estimation
• NeurIPS 2025Born a Transformer -- Always a Transformer? On the Effect of Pretraining on Architectural Abilities
• ICML 2025A Meta-learner for Heterogeneous Effects in Difference-in-Differences
• ICLR 2025Causal Effect Estimation with Mixed Latent Confounders and Post-treatment Variables
• CVPR 2025Any6D: Model-free 6D Pose Estimation of Novel Objects
• NeurIPS 2024Benchmarking Estimators for Natural Experiments: A Novel Dataset and a Doubly Robust Algorithm
• ICML 2024A Generative Approach for Treatment Effect Estimation under Collider Bias: From an Out-of-Distribution Perspective
• ICLR 2024A Variational Framework for Estimating Continuous Treatment Effects with Measurement Error
• CVPR 2024LightOctree: Lightweight 3D Spatially-Coherent Indoor Lighting Estimation
• NeurIPS 2023An Efficient Doubly-Robust Test for the Kernel Treatment Effect
• ICML 2023A Three-regime Model of Network Pruning
• ICLR 2023Causal Estimation for Text Data with (Apparent) Overlap Violations
• CVPR 2023HRDFuse: Monocular 360deg Depth Estimation by Collaboratively Learning Holistic-With-Regional Depth Distributions
• NeurIPS 2026Automated Causal Effect Estimation through Self-Evolving AI
• ICML 2026Causal-EPIG: Causally Aligned Active CATE Estimation
• ICLR 2026Foundation Models for Causal Inference via Prior-Data Fitted Networks
• CVPR 2026The Invisible Gorilla Effect in Out-of-distribution Detection

All Treatment Effect papers

385 papers, page 3 of 8

101. NeurIPS 2026The Butterfly Effect in Reasoning: Branch-Structured Distributional Memory for Stochastic Agents
102. NeurIPS 2026The Deadline Effect: Identifying and Correcting Temporal Bias in Human Evaluation
103. NeurIPS 2026The Heavy Hitter Oracle: Enhancing Frequency Estimation in Skewed Data Streams
104. NeurIPS 2026Total Variation Distance Estimation in Autoregressive Models
105. NeurIPS 2026Unified High-Probability Analysis of Stochastic Variance-Reduced Estimation
106. NeurIPS 2026What the Geometry of Good Models Tells Us
107. CVPR 2025Align3R: Aligned Monocular Depth Estimation for Dynamic Videos
108. CVPR 2025Any6D: Model-free 6D Pose Estimation of Novel Objects
109. CVPR 2025BLADE: Single-view Body Mesh Estimation through Accurate Depth Estimation
110. CVPR 2025Blood Flow Speed Estimation with Optical Coherence Tomography Angiography Images
111. CVPR 2025Blurry-Edges: Photon-Limited Depth Estimation from Defocused Boundaries
112. CVPR 2025Boosting the Dual-Stream Architecture in Ultra-High Resolution Segmentation with Resolution-Biased Uncertainty Estimation
113. CVPR 2025Co-op: Correspondence-based Novel Object Pose Estimation
114. CVPR 2025Enhancing 3D Gaze Estimation in the Wild using Weak Supervision with Gaze Following Labels
115. CVPR 2025Extreme Rotation Estimation in the Wild
116. CVPR 2025Gaze-LLE: Gaze Target Estimation via Large-Scale Learned Encoders
117. CVPR 2025Pos3R: 6D Pose Estimation for Unseen Objects Made Easy
118. CVPR 2025Rethinking Correspondence-based Category-Level Object Pose Estimation
119. CVPR 2025S^3-Face: SSS-Compliant Facial Reflectance Estimation via Diffusion Priors
120. CVPR 2025Scalable Autoregressive Monocular Depth Estimation
121. CVPR 2025ShiftwiseConv: Small Convolutional Kernel with Large Kernel Effect
122. CVPR 2025UniK3D: Universal Camera Monocular 3D Estimation
123. CVPR 2025Zero-Shot Monocular Scene Flow Estimation in the Wild
124. ICLR 2025Bayesian Treatment of the Spectrum of the Empirical Kernel in (Sub)Linear-Width Neural Networks
125. ICLR 2025Causal Effect Estimation with Mixed Latent Confounders and Post-treatment Variables
126. ICLR 2025Causal Graph Transformer for Treatment Effect Estimation Under Unknown Interference
127. ICLR 2025Comparing Targeting Strategies for Maximizing Social Welfare with Limited Resources
128. ICLR 2025Constructing Confidence Intervals for Average Treatment Effects from Multiple Datasets
129. ICLR 2025Differentially private learners for heterogeneous treatment effects
130. ICLR 2025Doubly robust identification of treatment effects from multiple environments
131. ICLR 2025Effective and Efficient Time-Varying Counterfactual Prediction with State-Space Models
132. ICLR 2025Estimation of single-cell and tissue perturbation effect in spatial transcriptomics via Spatial Causal Disentanglement
133. ICLR 2025Gaussian Mixture Counterfactual Generator
134. ICLR 2025Incremental Causal Effect for Time to Treatment Initialization
135. ICLR 2025Mini-Monkey: Alleviating the Semantic Sawtooth Effect for Lightweight MLLMs via Complementary Image Pyramid
136. ICLR 2025Model-agnostic meta-learners for estimating heterogeneous treatment effects over time
137. ICLR 2025Rapid Selection and Ordering of In-Context Demonstrations via Prompt Embedding Clustering
138. ICLR 2025Time After Time: Deep-Q Effect Estimation for Interventions on When and What to do
139. ICLR 2025Universal Sharpness Dynamics in Neural Network Training: Fixed Point Analysis, Edge of Stability, and Route to Chaos
140. ICML 2025A Meta-learner for Heterogeneous Effects in Difference-in-Differences
141. ICML 2025A Unified View on Learning Unnormalized Distributions via Noise-Contrastive Estimation
142. ICML 2025Active Treatment Effect Estimation via Limited Samples
143. ICML 2025Adjustment for Confounding using Pre-Trained Representations
144. ICML 2025AutoCATE: End-to-End, Automated Treatment Effect Estimation
145. ICML 2025Causal Effect Identification in lvLiNGAM from Higher-Order Cumulants
146. ICML 2025Counterfactual Contrastive Learning with Normalizing Flows for Robust Treatment Effect Estimation
147. ICML 2025Data-driven Design of Randomized Control Trials with Guaranteed Treatment Effects
148. ICML 2025Density Ratio Estimation with Conditional Probability Paths
149. ICML 2025Dequantified Diffusion-Schrödinger Bridge for Density Ratio Estimation
150. ICML 2025Distinguishing Cause from Effect with Causal Velocity Models

FAQ

How many Treatment Effect papers were published at NeurIPS, ICLR, ICML and CVPR from 2023 to 2026?

385 in total: 75 in 2023, 106 in 2024, 98 in 2025, 106 in 2026.

How many Treatment Effect papers are at NeurIPS 2026?

NeurIPS 2026 has 44 Treatment Effect papers, versus 34 the year before.

How many Treatment Effect papers are at ICLR 2026?

ICLR 2026 has 18 Treatment Effect papers, versus 16 the year before.

How many Treatment Effect papers are at ICML 2026?

ICML 2026 has 27 Treatment Effect papers, versus 31 the year before.

How many Treatment Effect papers are at CVPR 2026?

CVPR 2026 has 17 Treatment Effect papers, versus 17 the year before.

Which conference publishes the most Treatment Effect papers?

NeurIPS, with 131 papers from 2023 to 2026.