Formal Verification ML papers, 2023–2026

Key findings

• Formal Verification ML went from 10 papers in 2023 to 37 in 2026, roughly 3.7x in three years.
• NeurIPS publishes the most Formal Verification ML work: 32 papers from 2023 to 2026, 38% of the four-venue total.
• The fastest-growing overlap is with Reasoning Models: papers tagged with both rose from 0 in 2023 to 6 in 2026.
• Among the 5 topics under Program Synthesis, it ranks #4 by 2026 paper count; the fastest grower in the group, Theorem Proving, is up 13x versus 3.7x here.

Representative papers

Spread across years and venues so every edition shows up

• NeurIPS 2026Certified but Private: Scalable Zero-Knowledge Proofs for the Formal Verification of Neural Networks
• ICML 2026Propose, Solve, Verify: Self-Play Through Formal Verification
• ICLR 2026Local Success Does Not Compose: Benchmarking Large Language Models for Compositional Formal Verification
• CVPR 2026Lipschitz Optimization for Formal Verification of Homographies
• NeurIPS 2025Formal Models of Active Learning from Contrastive Examples
• ICML 2025Position: Formal Mathematical Reasoning—A New Frontier in AI
• ICLR 2025Sensitivity Verification for Additive Decision Tree Ensembles
• CVPR 2025Neuro-Symbolic Evaluation of Text-to-Video Models using Formal Verification
• NeurIPS 2024Critically Assessing the State of the Art in Neural Network Verification
• ICML 2024Relational DNN Verification With Cross Executional Bound Refinement
• ICLR 2024CRITIC: Large Language Models Can Self-Correct with Tool-Interactive Critiquing
• CVPR 2024Towards General Robustness Verification of MaxPool-based Convolutional Neural Networks via Tightening Linear Approximation
• NeurIPS 2023Provably Bounding Neural Network Preimages
• ICML 2023Trapdoor Normalization with Irreversible Ownership Verification
• ICLR 2023Fundamental Limits in Formal Verification of Message-Passing Neural Networks
• CVPR 2023Efficient Verification of Neural Networks Against LVM-Based Specifications
• NeurIPS 2026End-to-End Verification of Neuro-symbolic Automata via Contrastive Logit-Gaps
• ICML 2026Pushing the Boundaries of Natural Reasoning: Interleaved Bonus from Formal-Logic Verification
• ICLR 2026Out of the Shadows: Exploring a Latent Space for Neural Network Verification
• CVPR 2026Goldilocks Test Sets for Face Verification

All Formal Verification ML papers

84 papers, page 2 of 2

51. NeurIPS 2025Formal Models of Active Learning from Contrastive Examples
52. NeurIPS 2025Grammars of Formal Uncertainty: When to Trust LLMs in Automated Reasoning Tasks
53. NeurIPS 2025Learning Simple Interpolants for Linear Integer Arithmetic
54. NeurIPS 2025Let a Neural Network be Your Invariant
55. NeurIPS 2025SpecMAS: A Multi-Agent System for Self-Verifying System Generation via Formal Model Checking
56. NeurIPS 2025Traversal Verification for Speculative Tree Decoding
57. CVPR 2024Towards General Robustness Verification of MaxPool-based Convolutional Neural Networks via Tightening Linear Approximation
58. ICLR 2024CRITIC: Large Language Models Can Self-Correct with Tool-Interactive Critiquing
59. ICLR 2024Incremental Randomized Smoothing Certification
60. ICLR 2024Interpreting Robustness Proofs of Deep Neural Networks
61. ICLR 2024Lemur: Integrating Large Language Models in Automated Program Verification
62. ICLR 2024Prediction without Preclusion: Recourse Verification with Reachable Sets
63. ICML 2024ED-Copilot: Reduce Emergency Department Wait Time with Language Model Diagnostic Assistance
64. ICML 2024Relational DNN Verification With Cross Executional Bound Refinement
65. ICML 2024Verification of Machine Unlearning is Fragile
66. ICML 2024VNN: Verification-Friendly Neural Networks with Hard Robustness Guarantees
67. NeurIPS 2024Critically Assessing the State of the Art in Neural Network Verification
68. NeurIPS 2024FVEL: Interactive Formal Verification Environment with Large Language Models via Theorem Proving
69. NeurIPS 2024Neural Model Checking
70. NeurIPS 2024Scalable Neural Network Verification with Branch-and-bound Inferred Cutting Planes
71. NeurIPS 2024The Expressive Capacity of State Space Models: A Formal Language Perspective
72. NeurIPS 2024The Power of Hard Attention Transformers on Data Sequences: A formal language theoretic perspective
73. NeurIPS 2024Verifiably Robust Conformal Prediction
74. NeurIPS 2024Verified Safe Reinforcement Learning for Neural Network Dynamic Models
75. CVPR 2023Efficient Verification of Neural Networks Against LVM-Based Specifications
76. ICLR 2023Formal Mathematics Statement Curriculum Learning
77. ICLR 2023Fundamental Limits in Formal Verification of Message-Passing Neural Networks
78. ICLR 2023Iterative Circuit Repair Against Formal Specifications
79. ICLR 2023Sound Randomized Smoothing in Floating-Point Arithmetic
80. ICLR 2023Wasserstein Auto-encoded MDPs: Formal Verification of Efficiently Distilled RL Policies with Many-sided Guarantees
81. ICML 2023Data-Copying in Generative Models: A Formal Framework
82. ICML 2023Trapdoor Normalization with Irreversible Ownership Verification
83. NeurIPS 2023Compositional Policy Learning in Stochastic Control Systems with Formal Guarantees
84. NeurIPS 2023Provably Bounding Neural Network Preimages

FAQ

How many Formal Verification ML papers were published at NeurIPS, ICLR, ICML and CVPR from 2023 to 2026?

84 in total: 10 in 2023, 18 in 2024, 19 in 2025, 37 in 2026.

How many Formal Verification ML papers are at NeurIPS 2026?

NeurIPS 2026 has 12 Formal Verification ML papers, versus 10 the year before.

How many Formal Verification ML papers are at ICLR 2026?

ICLR 2026 has 11 Formal Verification ML papers, versus 5 the year before.

How many Formal Verification ML papers are at ICML 2026?

ICML 2026 has 12 Formal Verification ML papers, versus 3 the year before.

How many Formal Verification ML papers are at CVPR 2026?

CVPR 2026 has 2 Formal Verification ML papers, versus 1 the year before.

Which conference publishes the most Formal Verification ML papers?

NeurIPS, with 32 papers from 2023 to 2026.