Formal Verification ML papers, 2023–2026

Key findings

• Formal Verification ML went from 10 papers in 2023 to 37 in 2026, roughly 3.7x in three years.
• NeurIPS publishes the most Formal Verification ML work: 32 papers from 2023 to 2026, 38% of the four-venue total.
• The fastest-growing overlap is with Reasoning Models: papers tagged with both rose from 0 in 2023 to 6 in 2026.
• Among the 5 topics under Program Synthesis, it ranks #4 by 2026 paper count; the fastest grower in the group, Theorem Proving, is up 13x versus 3.7x here.

Representative papers

Spread across years and venues so every edition shows up

• NeurIPS 2026Certified but Private: Scalable Zero-Knowledge Proofs for the Formal Verification of Neural Networks
• ICML 2026Propose, Solve, Verify: Self-Play Through Formal Verification
• ICLR 2026Local Success Does Not Compose: Benchmarking Large Language Models for Compositional Formal Verification
• CVPR 2026Lipschitz Optimization for Formal Verification of Homographies
• NeurIPS 2025Formal Models of Active Learning from Contrastive Examples
• ICML 2025Position: Formal Mathematical Reasoning—A New Frontier in AI
• ICLR 2025Sensitivity Verification for Additive Decision Tree Ensembles
• CVPR 2025Neuro-Symbolic Evaluation of Text-to-Video Models using Formal Verification
• NeurIPS 2024Critically Assessing the State of the Art in Neural Network Verification
• ICML 2024Relational DNN Verification With Cross Executional Bound Refinement
• ICLR 2024CRITIC: Large Language Models Can Self-Correct with Tool-Interactive Critiquing
• CVPR 2024Towards General Robustness Verification of MaxPool-based Convolutional Neural Networks via Tightening Linear Approximation
• NeurIPS 2023Provably Bounding Neural Network Preimages
• ICML 2023Trapdoor Normalization with Irreversible Ownership Verification
• ICLR 2023Fundamental Limits in Formal Verification of Message-Passing Neural Networks
• CVPR 2023Efficient Verification of Neural Networks Against LVM-Based Specifications
• NeurIPS 2026End-to-End Verification of Neuro-symbolic Automata via Contrastive Logit-Gaps
• ICML 2026Pushing the Boundaries of Natural Reasoning: Interleaved Bonus from Formal-Logic Verification
• ICLR 2026Out of the Shadows: Exploring a Latent Space for Neural Network Verification
• CVPR 2026Goldilocks Test Sets for Face Verification

All Formal Verification ML papers

37 papers, page 1 of 1

1. CVPR 2026Goldilocks Test Sets for Face Verification
2. CVPR 2026Lipschitz Optimization for Formal Verification of Homographies
3. ICLR 2026Certifying the Full YOLO Pipeline: A Probabilistic Verification Approach
4. ICLR 2026Local Success Does Not Compose: Benchmarking Large Language Models for Compositional Formal Verification
5. ICLR 2026Out of the Shadows: Exploring a Latent Space for Neural Network Verification
6. ICLR 2026Overcoming Joint Intractability with Lossless Hierarchical Speculative Decoding
7. ICLR 2026Provably Explaining Neural Additive Models
8. ICLR 2026Softmax Transformers are Turing-Complete
9. ICLR 2026SpotIt: Evaluating Text-to-SQL Evaluation with Formal Verification
10. ICLR 2026The Counting Power of Transformers
11. ICLR 2026VeriCoT: Neuro-symbolic Chain-of-Thought Validation via Logical Consistency Checks
12. ICLR 2026VERIFY: A Novel Multi-Domain Dataset Grounding LTL in Contextual Natural Language via Provable Intermediate Logic
13. ICLR 2026VoG: Enhancing LLM Reasoning through Stepwise Verification on Knowledge Graphs
14. ICML 2026APE-Bench: Evaluating Automated Proof Engineering for Formal Math Libraries
15. ICML 2026Causally Evaluating the Learnability of Formal Language Tasks
16. ICML 2026CGRiC: Compositional Risk Certification for Structured LLM Outputs
17. ICML 2026Continuous Diffusion Models Can Obey Formal Syntax
18. ICML 2026Euclean: Automated Geometry Problem Formalization with Unified Verification in Lean
19. ICML 2026Formally Exploring Visual Anomaly Detection Evaluation Metrics
20. ICML 2026miniF2F-Dafny: LLM-Guided Mathematical Theorem Proving via Auto-Active Verification
21. ICML 2026Not All Invariants Are Equal: Curating Training Data to Accelerate Program Verification with SLMs
22. ICML 2026Probabilistic Robustness Certificates against Adversarial Attacks
23. ICML 2026Propose, Solve, Verify: Self-Play Through Formal Verification
24. ICML 2026Pushing the Boundaries of Natural Reasoning: Interleaved Bonus from Formal-Logic Verification
25. ICML 2026VIA-SD: Verification via Intra-Model Routing for Speculative Decoding
26. NeurIPS 2026Certified but Private: Scalable Zero-Knowledge Proofs for the Formal Verification of Neural Networks
27. NeurIPS 2026End-to-End Verification of Neuro-symbolic Automata via Contrastive Logit-Gaps
28. NeurIPS 2026FACBench: A Benchmark for Formal-Anchor Collisions in Multilingual Mathematical Grounding
29. NeurIPS 2026FaithSieve: Fine-Grained Evaluation of Math Proofs with Faithful Formal Evidence
30. NeurIPS 2026FedTrace: Generated-Content-Based Watermark Verification for Traitor Tracing in Federated Learning
31. NeurIPS 2026FLARE: Verifying MILP Reformulations with LLM-Based Formal Proof Synthesis
32. NeurIPS 2026L$^2$EAP: Supercharging LLMs for Formal Mathematics with Agentic Frameworks
33. NeurIPS 2026Linear-time rule mining under formal guarantees
34. NeurIPS 2026SpecBridge: Learning Natural-Language Formalization Plans for the Formal Specification Synthesis Task
35. NeurIPS 2026Verification-Aware Training for Speculative Decoding
36. NeurIPS 2026VeriScope: Measuring Verification-Ready Verilog Artifacts
37. NeurIPS 2026VeruSAGE-Bench: A Benchmark Suite for Rust System Verification

FAQ

How many Formal Verification ML papers were published at NeurIPS, ICLR, ICML and CVPR from 2023 to 2026?

84 in total: 10 in 2023, 18 in 2024, 19 in 2025, 37 in 2026.

How many Formal Verification ML papers are at NeurIPS 2026?

NeurIPS 2026 has 12 Formal Verification ML papers, versus 10 the year before.

How many Formal Verification ML papers are at ICLR 2026?

ICLR 2026 has 11 Formal Verification ML papers, versus 5 the year before.

How many Formal Verification ML papers are at ICML 2026?

ICML 2026 has 12 Formal Verification ML papers, versus 3 the year before.

How many Formal Verification ML papers are at CVPR 2026?

CVPR 2026 has 2 Formal Verification ML papers, versus 1 the year before.

Which conference publishes the most Formal Verification ML papers?

NeurIPS, with 32 papers from 2023 to 2026.