CVPR 2026 论文列表

3D Gaussian Splatting (3DGS) enables real-time novel view synthesis with high visual quality. However, existing methods struggle with semi-transparent specular surfaces that exhibit both complex reflections and clear transmission, often producing blurry reflections or overly occluded transmission. To address this, we present RT-Splatting, a framework that disentangles each Gaussian's geometric occupancy from its optical opacity. This factorization yields a unified surface-volume scene representation with a single set of Gaussian primitives. Our hybrid renderer interprets this representation both as a surface to capture high-frequency reflections and as a volume to preserve clear transmission. To mitigate the ambiguity in jointly optimizing reflection and transmission, we introduce Specular-Aware Gradient Gating, which suppresses misleading gradients from highly specular regions into the transmission branch, effectively reducing distracting floaters. Experiments on challenging semi-transparent scenes show that RT-Splatting achieves state-of-the-art performance, delivering high-fidelity reflections and clear transmission with real-time rendering. Moreover, our factorization naturally enables flexible scene editing. The project page is available at https://sjj118.github.io/RT-Splatting.

Open-vocabulary scene understanding with online panoptic mapping is essential for embodied applications to perceive and interact with environments. However, existing methods are predominantly offline or lack instance-level understanding, limiting their applicability to real-world robotic tasks. In this paper, we propose OnlinePG, a novel and effective system that integrates geometric reconstruction and open-vocabulary perception using 3D Gaussian Splatting in an online setting. Technically, to achieve online panoptic mapping, we employ an efficient local-to-global paradigm with a sliding window. To build local consistency map, we construct a 3D segment clustering graph that jointly leverages geometric and semantic cues, fusing inconsistent segments within sliding window into complete instances. Subsequently, to update the global map, we construct explicit spatial attribute grids for the local 3D Gaussian map and fuse them into the global map via robust bidirectional bipartite 3D Gaussian instance matching. Finally, we utilize the fused VLM features inside the 3D spatial attribute grids to achieve open-vocabulary scene understanding. Extensive experiments on widely used datasets demonstrate that our method achieves better performance among online approaches, while maintaining real-time efficiency.

Feed-forward transformer models have driven rapid progress in 3D vision, but state-of-the-art methods such as VGGT and \pi^3 have a computational cost that scales quadratically with the number of input images, making them inefficient when applied to large image collections. Sequential-reconstruction approaches reduce this cost but sacrifice reconstruction quality. We introduce ZipMap, a stateful feed-forward model that achieves linear-time, bidirectional 3D reconstruction while matching or surpassing the accuracy of quadratic-time methods. ZipMap employs test-time training layers to zip an entire image collection into a compact hidden scene state in a single forward pass, enabling reconstruction of over 700 frames in under 10 seconds on a single H100 GPU, more than 20x faster than state-of-the-art methods such as VGGT. Moreover, we demonstrate the benefits of having a stateful representation in real-time scene-state querying and its extension to sequential streaming reconstruction.

Reliable generalization metrics are fundamental to the evaluation of machine learning models. Especially in high-stakes applications where labeled target data are scarce, evaluation of models' generalization performance under distribution shift is a pressing need. We focus on two practical scenarios: (1) Before deployment, how to select the best model for unlabeled target data? (2) After deployment, how to monitor model performance under distribution shift? The central need in both cases is a reliable and label-free proxy metric. Yet existing proxy metrics, such as model confidence or accuracy-on-the-line, are often unreliable as they only assess model output while ignoring the internal mechanisms that produce them. We address this limitation by introducing a new perspective: using the inner workings of a model, i.e., circuits, as a predictive metric of generalization performance. Leveraging circuit discovery, we extract the causal interactions between internal representations as a circuit, from which we derive two metrics tailored to the two practical scenarios. (1) Before deployment, we introduce Dependency Depth Bias, which measures different models' generalization capability on target data. (2) After deployment, we propose Circuit Shift Score, which predicts a model's generalization under different distribution shifts. Across various tasks, both metrics demonstrate significantly improved correlation with generalization performance, outperforming existing proxies by an average of 13.4% and 34.1%, respectively. Our code is available at https://github.com/deep-real/GenCircuit.

We propose a fast and correspondence-free local point cloud registration method that leverages geometric surface structure and reproducing kernel Hilbert space (RKHS) embeddings. The method represents point clouds as continuous functions with point-wise anisotropic kernels that encode local geometry. This formulation improves alignment along surface normals while relaxing alignment along tangential directions. To solve the resulting registration problem, we propose a second-order on-manifold optimization scheme with approximate Riemannian Hessians, achieving a speedup of up to 10x over the first-order solvers used in prior correspondence-free RKHS-based methods. We demonstrate improved frame-to-frame LiDAR and RGB-D tracking accuracy across diverse indoor and outdoor datasets. On a LiDAR tracking registration task in the driving domain, we achieve a reduction of >55% in both translational and rotational drift in challenging feature-sparse environments. On object registration benchmarks, we show improved robustness over ICP-based methods and further gains when refining global initialization, particularly under moderate misalignment.

Thermal infrared (TIR) 3D reconstruction provides geometry that is intrinsically coupled to the temperature field, even in low-light, nighttime, and smoke-obscured environments. TIR imaging measures self-emitted thermal radiation driven by object temperature and is largely independent of external illumination; therefore, simply carrying over visible-spectrum assumptions to TIR-based 3D reconstruction and novel view synthesis (NVS) often results in floating artifacts and blurred edges. In addition, radiometric inconsistency and low contrast in TIR weaken structure-from-motion (SfM) initialization, which in turn hinders subsequent 3D Gaussian Splatting (3DGS) optimization. We present PhysIR-Splat, a 3DGS framework that follows infrared radiative transfer: we explicitly model temperature, emissivity, and environmental irradiance on Gaussian primitives and, during rendering, jointly account for thermal emission, the reflected component, and atmospheric transmittance to produce physically consistent thermal synthesis. We also introduce VGGT-IR, a Transformer-based feed-forward initializer that takes TIR input with optional RGB and directly regresses camera poses and initial geometry, providing a modality-aligned and stable starting point for PhysIR-Splat. Extensive experiments demonstrate that our method significantly surpasses existing approaches in thermal reconstruction quality and cross-view consistency, effectively suppressing floating artifacts and enhancing boundary sharpness. The source code will be publicly available at : https://github.com/JingyuanGao0919/physir-splat.

We introduce Dark3R, a framework for structure from motion in the dark that operates directly on raw images with signal-to-noise ratios (SNRs) below -4 dB--a regime where conventional feature- and learning-based methods break down. Our key insight is to adapt large-scale 3D foundation models to extreme low-light conditions through a teacher-student distillation process, enabling robust feature matching and camera pose estimation in low light. Dark3R requires no 3D supervision; it is trained solely on noisy--clean raw image pairs, which can be either captured directly or synthesized using a simple Poisson-Gaussian noise model applied to well-exposed raw images.To train and evaluate our approach, we introduce a new, exposure-bracketed dataset that includes 42,000 multi-view raw images with ground-truth 3D annotations, and we demonstrate that Dark3R achieves state-of-the-art structure from motion in the low-SNR regime. Further, we demonstrate state-of-the-art novel view synthesis in the dark using Dark3R's predicted poses and a coarse-to-fine radiance field optimization procedure.

Multilingual document and scene text understanding plays an important role in applications such as search, finance, and public services. However, most existing benchmarks focus on high-resource languages and fail to evaluate models in realistic multilingual environments. In Southeast Asia, the diversity of languages, complex writing systems, and highly varied document types make this challenge even greater. We introduce SEA-Vision, a benchmark that jointly evaluates Document Parsing and Text-Centric Visual Question Answering (TEC-VQA) across 11 Southeast Asian languages. SEA-Vision contains 15,234 document parsing pages from nine representative document types, annotated with hierarchical page-, block-, and line-level labels. It also provides 7,496 TEC-VQA question-answer pairs that probe text recognition, numerical calculation, comparative analysis, logical reasoning, and spatial understanding. To make such multilingual, multi-task annotation feasible, we design a hybrid pipeline for Document Parsing and TEC-VQA. It combines automated filtering and scoring with MLLM-assisted labeling and lightweight native-speaker verification, greatly reducing manual labeling while maintaining high quality. We evaluate several leading multimodal models and observe pronounced performance degradation on low-resource Southeast Asian languages, highlighting substantial remaining gaps in multilingual document and scene text understanding. We believe SEA-Vision will help drive global progress in document and scene text understanding.

3D Gaussian Splatting (3DGS) has recently emerged as a promising approach in novel view synthesis, combining photorealistic rendering with real-time efficiency. However, its success heavily relies on dense camera coverage; under sparse-view conditions, insufficient supervision leads to irregular Gaussian distributions--characterized by globally sparse coverage, blurred background, and distorted high-frequency areas.To address this, we propose HeroGS--Hierarchical Guidance for Robust 3D Gaussian Splatting--a unified framework that establishes hierarchical guidance across the image, feature, and parameter levels. At the image level, sparse supervision is converted into pseudo-dense guidance, globally regularizing the Gaussian distributions and forming a consistent foundation for subsequent optimization. Building upon this, Feature-Adaptive Densification and Pruning (FADP) at the feature level leverages low-level features to refine high-frequency details and adaptively densifies Gaussians in background regions.The optimized distributions then support Co-Pruned Geometry Consistency (CPG) at parameter level, which guides geometric consistency through parameter freezing and co-pruning, effectively removing inconsistent splats. The hierarchical guidance strategy effectively constrains and optimizes the overall Gaussian distributions, thereby enhancing both structural fidelity and rendering quality.Extensive experiments demonstrate that HeroGS achieves high-fidelity reconstructions and consistently surpasses state-of-the-art baselines under sparse-view conditions.

The Vision Transformer (ViT) has surpassed Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) in performance, becoming the de facto architecture in modern computer vision. However, despite its superior representational capacity, research on the adversarial robustness of ViTs remains limited, with most studies still biased toward CNN-based models. This work aims to address this architectural bias and conduct an in-depth analysis of the interaction between ViTs and adversarial training (AT).We first show that ViTs can identify semantic components of objects through their class attention maps, indicating that adversarially trained ViTs inherently encode strong semantic priors. Next, using the proposed Gradient Path Masking (GPM) analysis, we examine the internal information flow of ViTs and verify that the residual path serves as a major bottleneck that provides advantageous information to adversaries. Furthermore, our inter-patch relation analysis reveals that adversarially trained ViTs tend to rely more on global than local relationships in early layers--a novel observation suggesting a fundamental potential incompatibility between ViTs and hybrid architectures that inject CNN-style inductive biases.Building upon these findings, we design a simple yet effective two-stage AT scheme to mitigate this structural incompatibility, achieving simultaneous improvements in robustness and generalization across various ViT variants and training methods. The proposed method is compatible with a wide range of AT frameworks and models.

Lifting 2D open-vocabulary understanding into 3D Gaussian Splatting (3DGS) scenes is a critical challenge. Mainstream methods, built on an embedding paradigm, suffer from three key flaws: (i) geometry-semantic inconsistency, where points, rather than objects, serve as the semantic basis, limiting semantic fidelity; (ii) semantic bloat from injecting gigabytes of feature data into the geometry; and (iii) semantic rigidity, as one feature per Gaussian struggles to capture rich polysemy. To overcome these limitations, we introduce ExtrinSplat, a framework built on the extrinsic paradigm that decouples geometry from semantics. Instead of embedding features, ExtrinSplat clusters Gaussians into multi-granularity, overlapping 3D object groups. A Vision-Language Model (VLM) then interprets these groups to generate lightweight textual hypotheses, creating an extrinsic index layer that natively supports complex polysemy. By replacing costly feature embedding with lightweight indices, ExtrinSplat reduces scene adaptation time from hours to minutes and lowers storage overhead by several orders of magnitude. On benchmark tasks for open-vocabulary 3D object selection and semantic segmentation, ExtrinSplat outperforms established embedding-based frameworks, validating the efficacy and efficiency of the proposed extrinsic paradigm.

Large Vision Language Models (LVLMs) have achieved remarkable success in a wide range of downstream tasks that require multimodal interaction, but their powerful capabilities come with substantial computational and memory overhead, which hinders practical deployment. Among numerous acceleration techniques, post-training quantization is a popular and effective strategy for reducing memory cost and accelerating inference. However, existing LVLM quantization methods typically measure token sensitivity at the modality level, which fails to capture the rich and complex cross-token interactions and falls short in quantitatively measuring the quantization error at the token level. As tokens interact within the model, the distinction between modalities gradually diminishes, suggesting the need for fine-grained calibration. Inspired by axiomatic attribution in mechanistic interpretability, we introduce a fine-grained quantization strategy based on Quantization-aware Integrated Gradients (QIG), which leverages integrated gradients to quantitatively evaluate token sensitivity and push the granularity from modality level to token level, reflecting both inter-modality and intra-modality dynamics. Extensive experiments on multiple LVLMs under both W4A8 and W3A16 settings show that our method consistently improves accuracy across models and benchmarks with negligible latency overhead. For example, under 3-bit weight-only quantization, our method improves the average accuracy of LLaVA-onevision-7B by 1.60%, reducing the gap to its full-precision counterpart to only 1.33%. The code is available at https://github.com/ucas-xiang/QIG.

Diffusion models are promising for sparse-view novel view synthesis (NVS), as they can generate pseudo-ground-truth views to aid 3D reconstruction pipelines like 3D Gaussian Splatting (3DGS). However, these synthesized images often contain photometric and geometric inconsistencies, and their direct use for supervision can impair reconstruction. To address this, we propose Partial-Reference Image Quality Assessment (PR-IQA), a framework that evaluates diffusion-generated views using reference images from different poses, eliminating the need for ground truth. PR-IQA first computes a geometrically consistent partial quality map in overlapping regions. It then performs quality completion to inpaint this partial map into a dense, full-image map. This completion is achieved via a cross-attention mechanism that incorporates reference-view context, ensuring cross-view consistency and enabling thorough quality assessment. When integrated into a diffusion-augmented 3DGS pipeline, PR-IQA restricts supervision to high-confidence regions identified by its quality maps. Experiments demonstrate that PR-IQA outperforms existing IQA methods, achieving full-reference-level accuracy without ground-truth supervision. Thus, our quality-aware 3DGS approach more effectively filters inconsistencies, producing superior 3D reconstructions and NVS results.

Post-training quantization (PTQ) enables rapid deployment of deep pretrained models. In the low-bit regime, recent PTQ methods for vision models adopt asymmetric quantization (AsymQ), introducing zero-point offsets to mitigate quantization errors. However, these offsets impose substantial hardware overhead and fail to fully capture the non-symmetric structure of pretrained weight distributions, leaving many quantization levels unused.In this paper, we reveal a hidden symmetry in the pretrained weights: after removing a few sparse outliers, the distribution becomes nearly symmetric.Accordingly, we propose Dense and Additive Sparse Quantization (DASQ), which decomposes the weights into dense and sparse matrices.The dense component captures the symmetric structure around zero, while the sparse component models the removed outliers, and both can be processed in parallel and can be implemented with efficient zero-point-free computation.Experiments on image classification, object detection, and instance segmentation show that DASQ surpasses state-of-the-art PTQ methods with lower BOPs. On an FPGA, DASQ also demonstrates higher accuracy and lower power consumption than AsymQ at comparable throughput.

Long-sequence streaming 3D reconstruction remains a significant open challenge. Existing autoregressive models often fail when processing long sequences because they anchor poses to the first frame, leading to attention decay, scale drift, and extrapolation errors. We introduce LongStream, a novel gauge-decoupled streaming visual geometry model for metric-scale scene reconstruction across thousands of frames under a strictly online, future-invisible setting. Our approach is threefold. First, we discard the first-frame anchor and predict keyframe-relative poses. This reformulates long-range extrapolation into a constant-difficulty local task. Second, we introduce orthogonal scale learning. This method fully disentangles geometry from scale estimation to suppress drift. Finally, we identify attention bias issues in Transformers, including attention-sink reliance and long-term KV-cache saturation. We propose cache-consistent training combined with periodic cache refresh. This approach suppresses attention biases and contamination over ultra-long sequences and reduces the gap between training and inference. Experiments show that LongStream achieves state-of-the-art performance, enabling stable, metric-scale reconstruction over kilometer-scale sequences at 18 FPS.

3D Gaussian Splatting (3DGS) has recently emerged as a powerful scene representation and is increasingly used for visual localization and pose refinement. However, despite its high-quality differentiable rendering, the robustness of 3DGS-based pose refinement remains highly sensitive to both the initial camera pose and the reconstructed geometry. In this work, we take a closer look at these limitations and identify two major sources of uncertainty: (i) pose prior uncertainty, which often arises from regression or retrieval models that output a single deterministic estimate, and (ii) geometric uncertainty, caused by imperfections in the 3DGS reconstruction that propagate errors into PnP solvers. Such uncertainties can distort reprojection geometry and destabilize optimization, even when the rendered appearance still looks plausible.To address these uncertainties, we introduce a relocalization framework that combines Monte Carlo pose sampling with Fisher Information-based PnP optimization. Our method explicitly accounts for both pose and geometric uncertainty and requires no retraining or additional supervision. Across diverse indoor and outdoor benchmarks, our approach consistently improves localization accuracy and significantly increases stability under pose and depth noise.

Articulated objects are pervasive in daily environments, such as drawers and refrigerators. Towards their part-level surface reconstruction and joint parameter estimation, REArtGS [??] introduces a category-agnostic approach using multi-view RGB images at two different states. However, we observe that REArtGS still struggles with screw-joint or multi-part objects and lacks geometric constraints for unseen states. In this paper, we propose REArtGS++, a novel method towards generalizable articulated object reconstruction with temporal geometry constraint and planar Gaussian splatting. We first model a decoupled screw motion for each joint without type prior, and jointly optimize part-aware Gaussians with joint parameters through part motion blending. To introduce time-continuous geometric constraint for articulated modeling, we encourage Gaussians to be planar and propose a temporally consistent regularization between planar normal and depth through Taylor first-order expansion. Extensive experiments on both synthetic and real-world articulated objects demonstrate our superiority in generalizable part-level surface reconstruction and joint parameter estimation, compared to existing approaches. Project Site: https://sites.google.com/view/reartgs2/home https://sites.google.com/view/reartgs2/home.

Feed-forward 3D Gaussian Splatting (3DGS) enables efficient one-pass scene reconstruction, providing 3D representations for novel view synthesis without per-scene optimization. However, existing methods typically predict pixel-aligned primitives per-view, producing an excessive number of primitives in dense-view settings and offering no explicit control over the number of predicted Gaussians. To address this, we propose EcoSplat, the first efficiency-controllable feed-forward 3DGS framework that adaptively predicts the 3D representation for any given target primitive count at inference time. EcoSplat adopts a two-stage optimization process. The first stage is Pixel-aligned Gaussian Training (PGT) where our model learns initial primitive prediction. The second stage is Importance-aware Gaussian Finetuning (IGF) stage where our model learns rank primitives and adaptively adjust their parameters based on the target primitive count. Extensive experiments across multiple dense-view settings show that EcoSplat is robust and outperforms state-of-the-art methods under strict primitive-count constraints, making it well-suited for flexible downstream rendering tasks. Code and project page will be released.

Computer-Aided Design (CAD) is essential in industrial design, but the complexity of traditional CAD modeling and workflows presents significant challenges for automating the generation of high-precision, editable CAD models. Existing methods, such as 3D reconstruction from sketches, often produce non-editable, approximate models that fall short of meeting the stringent requirements for precision and editability in industrial design. Moreover, the reliance on text or image-based inputs often requires significant manual annotation, limiting their scalability and applicability in industrial settings. To overcome these challenges, we propose the Heterogeneous Collaborative Multi-Expert Reinforcement Learning (CME-CAD) paradigm, a novel training paradigm for CAD code generation. Our approach integrates the complementary strengths of these models, facilitating collaborative learning and improving the model's ability to generate accurate, constraint-compatible, and fully editable CAD models. We introduce a two-stage training process: Multi-Expert Fine-Tuning (MEFT), and Multi-Expert Reinforcement Learning (MERL). Additionally, we present CADExpert, an open-source benchmark consisting of 17,299 instances, including orthographic projections with precise dimension annotations, expert-generated Chain-of-Thought (CoT) processes, executable CADQuery code, and rendered 3D models. The CADExpert dataset is publicly available at https://modelscope.cn/datasets/zhuofanChen/CADExpert.