Treatment Effect papers, 2023–2026

Key findings

• Treatment Effect went from 75 papers in 2023 to 106 in 2026, roughly 1.4x in three years.
• NeurIPS publishes the most Treatment Effect work: 131 papers from 2023 to 2026, 34% of the four-venue total.
• The fastest-growing overlap is with General ML · unsupervised and semisupervised learning: papers tagged with both rose from 3 in 2023 to 10 in 2026.
• Among the 5 topics under Causal and Fairness, it ranks #2 by 2026 paper count; the fastest grower in the group, Causal Discovery, is up 2.4x versus 1.4x here.

Representative papers

Spread across years and venues so every edition shows up

• NeurIPS 2026Assessing the robustness of heterogeneous treatment effects in survival analysis under informative censoring
• ICML 2026Causal Effect Identifiability in the Presence of Latent Confounders Without Auxiliary Variables
• ICLR 2026ActiveCQ: Active Estimation of Causal Quantities
• CVPR 2026Event Stream Filtering via Probability Flux Estimation
• NeurIPS 2025Born a Transformer -- Always a Transformer? On the Effect of Pretraining on Architectural Abilities
• ICML 2025A Meta-learner for Heterogeneous Effects in Difference-in-Differences
• ICLR 2025Causal Effect Estimation with Mixed Latent Confounders and Post-treatment Variables
• CVPR 2025Any6D: Model-free 6D Pose Estimation of Novel Objects
• NeurIPS 2024Benchmarking Estimators for Natural Experiments: A Novel Dataset and a Doubly Robust Algorithm
• ICML 2024A Generative Approach for Treatment Effect Estimation under Collider Bias: From an Out-of-Distribution Perspective
• ICLR 2024A Variational Framework for Estimating Continuous Treatment Effects with Measurement Error
• CVPR 2024LightOctree: Lightweight 3D Spatially-Coherent Indoor Lighting Estimation
• NeurIPS 2023An Efficient Doubly-Robust Test for the Kernel Treatment Effect
• ICML 2023A Three-regime Model of Network Pruning
• ICLR 2023Causal Estimation for Text Data with (Apparent) Overlap Violations
• CVPR 2023HRDFuse: Monocular 360deg Depth Estimation by Collaboratively Learning Holistic-With-Regional Depth Distributions
• NeurIPS 2026Automated Causal Effect Estimation through Self-Evolving AI
• ICML 2026Causal-EPIG: Causally Aligned Active CATE Estimation
• ICLR 2026Foundation Models for Causal Inference via Prior-Data Fitted Networks
• CVPR 2026The Invisible Gorilla Effect in Out-of-distribution Detection

All Treatment Effect papers

131 papers, page 2 of 3

51. NeurIPS 2025Counterfactual Implicit Feedback Modeling
52. NeurIPS 2025Coupling Generative Modeling and an Autoencoder with the Causal Bridge
53. NeurIPS 2025Data-Adaptive Exposure Thresholds under Network Interference
54. NeurIPS 2025Do-PFN: In-Context Learning for Causal Effect Estimation
55. NeurIPS 2025DoseSurv: Predicting Personalized Survival Outcomes under Continuous-Valued Treatments
56. NeurIPS 2025EAP-GP: Mitigating Saturation Effect in Gradient-based Automated Circuit Identification
57. NeurIPS 2025Efficient Adaptive Experimentation with Noncompliance
58. NeurIPS 2025Efficient Randomized Experiments Using Foundation Models
59. NeurIPS 2025Estimation of Stochastic Optimal Transport Maps
60. NeurIPS 2025Estimation of Treatment Effects in Extreme and Unobserved Data
61. NeurIPS 2025Evaluating and Learning Optimal Dynamic Treatment Regimes under Truncation by Death
62. NeurIPS 2025From Likelihood to Fitness: Improving Variant Effect Prediction in Protein and Genome Language Models
63. NeurIPS 2025Improving the Generation and Evaluation of Synthetic Data for Downstream Medical Causal Inference
64. NeurIPS 2025It’s Hard to Be Normal: The Impact of Noise on Structure-agnostic Estimation
65. NeurIPS 2025LLM-Driven Treatment Effect Estimation Under Inference Time Text Confounding
66. NeurIPS 2025Local Learning for Covariate Selection in Nonparametric Causal Effect Estimation with Latent Variables
67. NeurIPS 2025Neural Mutual Information Estimation with Vector Copulas
68. NeurIPS 2025On Minimax Estimation of Parameters in Softmax-Contaminated Mixture of Experts
69. NeurIPS 2025Optimal Adjustment Sets for Nonparametric Estimation of Weighted Controlled Direct Effect
70. NeurIPS 2025Orthogonal Survival Learners for Estimating Heterogeneous Treatment Effects from Time-to-Event Data
71. NeurIPS 2025Pool Me Wisely: On the Effect of Pooling in Transformer-Based Models
72. NeurIPS 2025PUATE: Efficient ATE Estimation from Treated (Positive) and Unlabeled Units
73. NeurIPS 2025Refinement Methods for Distributed Distribution Estimation under $\ell^p$-Losses
74. NeurIPS 2025Relieving the Over-Aggregating Effect in Graph Transformers
75. NeurIPS 2025SingRef6D: Monocular Novel Object Pose Estimation with a Single RGB Reference
76. NeurIPS 2025The Hawthorne Effect in Reasoning Models: Evaluating and Steering Test Awareness
77. NeurIPS 2025Transferring Causal Effects using Proxies
78. NeurIPS 2025Treatment Effect Estimation for Optimal Decision-Making
79. NeurIPS 2024A Non-parametric Direct Learning Approach to Heterogeneous Treatment Effect Estimation under Unmeasured Confounding
80. NeurIPS 2024An effective framework for estimating individualized treatment rules
81. NeurIPS 2024Benchmarking Estimators for Natural Experiments: A Novel Dataset and a Doubly Robust Algorithm
82. NeurIPS 2024Breaking the curse of dimensionality in structured density estimation
83. NeurIPS 2024Capturing the denoising effect of PCA via compression ratio
84. NeurIPS 2024Causal Effect Identification in a Sub-Population with Latent Variables
85. NeurIPS 2024Causal Inference in the Closed-Loop: Marginal Structural Models for Sequential Excursion Effects
86. NeurIPS 2024Conditional Density Estimation with Histogram Trees
87. NeurIPS 2024Conditional Generative Models are Sufficient to Sample from Any Causal Effect Estimand
88. NeurIPS 2024Conditional Outcome Equivalence: A Quantile Alternative to CATE
89. NeurIPS 2024DiffPO: A causal diffusion model for learning distributions of potential outcomes
90. NeurIPS 2024Dynamic Subgroup Identification in Covariate-adjusted Response-adaptive Randomization Experiments
91. NeurIPS 2024End-To-End Causal Effect Estimation from Unstructured Natural Language Data
92. NeurIPS 2024Estimating Heterogeneous Treatment Effects by Combining Weak Instruments and Observational Data
93. NeurIPS 2024Hierarchical and Density-based Causal Clustering
94. NeurIPS 2024Higher-Order Causal Message Passing for Experimentation with Complex Interference
95. NeurIPS 2024Identification and Estimation of the Bi-Directional MR with Some Invalid Instruments
96. NeurIPS 2024Improving Deep Reinforcement Learning by Reducing the Chain Effect of Value and Policy Churn
97. NeurIPS 2024Local to Global: Learning Dynamics and Effect of Initialization for Transformers
98. NeurIPS 2024LT-Defense: Searching-free Backdoor Defense via Exploiting the Long-tailed Effect
99. NeurIPS 2024Navigating the Effect of Parametrization for Dimensionality Reduction
100. NeurIPS 2024On the Target-kernel Alignment: a Unified Analysis with Kernel Complexity

FAQ

How many Treatment Effect papers were published at NeurIPS, ICLR, ICML and CVPR from 2023 to 2026?

385 in total: 75 in 2023, 106 in 2024, 98 in 2025, 106 in 2026.

How many Treatment Effect papers are at NeurIPS 2026?

NeurIPS 2026 has 44 Treatment Effect papers, versus 34 the year before.

How many Treatment Effect papers are at ICLR 2026?

ICLR 2026 has 18 Treatment Effect papers, versus 16 the year before.

How many Treatment Effect papers are at ICML 2026?

ICML 2026 has 27 Treatment Effect papers, versus 31 the year before.

How many Treatment Effect papers are at CVPR 2026?

CVPR 2026 has 17 Treatment Effect papers, versus 17 the year before.

Which conference publishes the most Treatment Effect papers?

NeurIPS, with 131 papers from 2023 to 2026.