ICML 2026 论文列表

Human spatial understanding arises from jointly perceiving geometry and semantics, enabling consistent object identification and localization across viewpoints and time. Current video segmentation models depend on explicit object appearance memory banks for instance tracking, yet they remain vulnerable to large viewpoint changes and long-term occlusions. Leveraging the spatial consistency afforded by modern feed-forward 3D reconstruction models, we propose the Geometry Grounded Tracking Anything Model (G$^2$TAM), a unified framework for promptable instance tracking in 3D using only unordered RGB images or videos. G$^2$TAM employs spatially aligned geometric representations as implicit memory, ensuring stable instance identity and localization across frames and views. At its core is a cross-modal spatial encoder that integrates visual and textual prompts into a shared geometric space, enabling end-to-end spatial reconstruction and instance-consistent mask prediction. To support training and evaluation, we construct InsTrack, a large-scale dataset with a dedicated validation split for benchmarking. Extensive experiments show that G$^2$TAM delivers strong cross-view consistency, promptable instance spatial tracking, video object segmentation, and spatial reconstruction, establishing a foundation for interactive, geometry-grounded spatial reasoning.

Recent advances in formal theorem proving have focused on Olympiad-level mathematics, leaving undergraduate domains largely unexplored. Optimization, fundamental to machine learning, operations research, and scientific computing, remains underserved by existing provers. Its reliance on domain-specific formalisms (convexity, optimality conditions, and algorithmic analysis) creates significant distribution shift, making naive domain transfer ineffective. We present OptProver, a trained model that achieves robust transfer from Olympiad to undergraduate optimization. Starting from a strong Olympiad-level prover, our pipeline mitigates distribution shift through two key innovations. First, we employ large-scale optimization-focused data curation via expert iteration. Second, we introduce a specialized preference learning objective that integrates perplexity-weighted optimization with a mechanism to penalize valid but non-progressing proof steps. This not only addresses distribution shifts but also guides the search toward efficient trajectories. To enable rigorous evaluation, we construct a novel benchmark in Lean 4 focused on optimization. On this benchmark, OptProver achieves state-of-the-art Pass@1 and Pass@32 among comparably sized models while maintaining competitive performance on general theorem-proving tasks, demonstrating effective domain transfer without catastrophic forgetting.

Zero-shot out-of-vocabulary detection (ZS-OOVD) aims to accurately recognize objects of in-vocabulary (IV) categories provided at zero-shot inference, while simultaneously rejecting undefined ones (out-of-vocabulary, OOV) that lack corresponding category prompts. However, previous methods tend to overfit IV classes, resulting in undefined OOV objects being confidently misclassified as semantically similar IV categories. To mitigate this issue, this paper proposes a zero-shot OOV detector (OOVDet), a novel framework that effectively detects predefined classes while reliably rejecting undefined ones in zero-shot scenes. Specifically, due to the model’s lack of prior knowledge about the distribution of OOV data, we synthesize region-level OOV prompts by sampling from the low-likelihood regions of the class-conditional Gaussian distributions in the hidden space, motivated by the assumption that unknown semantics are more likely to emerge in low-density areas of the latent space. For OOV images, we further propose a Dirichlet-based gradient attribution mechanism to mine pseudo-OOV image samples, where the attribution gradients are interpreted as Dirichlet evidence to estimate prediction uncertainty, and samples with high uncertainty are selected as pseudo-OOV images. Building on these synthesized OOV prompts and pseudo-OOV images, we construct the OOV decision boundary through a low-density prior constraint, which regularizes the optimization of OOV classes using Gaussian kernel density estimation in accordance with the above assumption. Experimental results show that our method significantly improves the OOV detection performance in zero-shot scenes. The code is available at \url{https://github.com/binyisu/OOVDet}.

In real-world scenarios, data collection for reinforcement learning (RL) is often constrained by safety concerns and high costs, resulting in limited data availability. Diffusion models (DMs) have recently demonstrated remarkable capabilities in capturing complex distributions, making data augmentation a promising approach. However, existing DM-based data augmentation methods still suffer from the limited quality of synthesized data for downstream RL tasks. To overcome this limitation, we propose a novel method called episodic memory-guided controllable experience synthesizer (EMCES). EMCES incorporates an episodic memory-based controllable DM with informative yet concise conditions constructed by episodic memory (EM). To guide the synthesis toward high-quality data, we propose an EM-prioritized condition sampling strategy that leverages EM-based temporal-difference errors to focus generation on data most helpful for RL. Furthermore, we introduce a hashing-based state representation for EM to improve its efficiency and further boost the quality of synthetic data. To the best of our knowledge, EMCES is the first work to incorporate EM into controllable DMs and to leverage EM for guiding data synthesis in RL. Experimental results across multiple environments demonstrate that EMCES significantly improves the quality of the synthetic data, thereby improving the performance of several state-of-the-art RL algorithms. In particular, the hashing-based state representation can reduce storage cost by about 8000-fold and reduce time cost by 25.5-fold, without degrading the normalized score.

Generalization remains a central challenge in offline reinforcement learning (RL), where policies are trained solely from static datasets and must perform reliably under distribution shift. While most existing offline RL methods focus on reducing training loss using standard optimizers such as Adam, the role of loss landscape geometry $-$ particularly sharpness $-$ has received little attention. Sharpness-Aware Minimization (SAM) has recently shown strong generalization benefits in supervised learning by favoring flatter minima. However, directly applying SAM to offline RL is non-trivial: unlike supervised settings with ground-truth labels, offline RL relies on bootstrapped targets, making sharpness estimation noisy and often destabilizing optimization. In this paper, we revisit offline RL from an optimization perspective and investigate how sharpness-aware optimization can be made effective in this setting. We propose Q bound weighted SAM (Q-SAM), a robust and scalable framework that treats sharpness as a weighted objective and selectively prioritizes samples that are most suitable for sharpness-aware optimization based on Q bounds. By aligning the SAM objective with the characteristics of bootstrapped value estimation, Q-SAM amplifies the benefits of sharpness minimization while preserving training stability. Extensive experiments on standard offline RL benchmarks demonstrate that Q-SAM consistently improves generalization performance across diverse datasets and algorithms. Our results highlight the importance of loss sharpness in offline RL and suggest optimizer design as a promising direction for developing more robust offline RL methods.

While LLM-based agents excel at individual tasks, effective collaboration with realistic human partners remains challenging. Most of the existing conversation-level collaborative studies lack grounded interaction and behavioral execution, motivating the need for cooperative game environments that enable contextualized and immersive collaboration. To this end, this paper proposes CollabBench, a benchmark for evaluating and training collaborative agents in cooperative games. CollabBench features a Diverse Player Profile Simulation pipeline to model varied players behaviors, and a Collaborative Agentic Training paradigm that unifies reasoning, communication, and action via agentic rollouts, optimized with a hybrid reward balancing task efficiency and affective adaptation. We further extend classic environments to CWAH-MultiPlayer and Cook-MultiPlayer for systematic evaluation under diverse personalities. Experiments with efficiency and affective metrics show that our trained models outperform base models, achieving 19.5% higher efficiency and 24.4% improved affective performance. Further analysis reveals key collaborative limitations of existing models and offers insights for future collaborative training.

Providing non-conservative uncertainty quantification for function estimates derived from noisy observations remains a fundamental challenge in statistical machine learning, particularly for applications in safety-critical domains. In this work, we propose novel non-asymptotic probabilistic uniform error bounds for kernel-based regression. Compared to related bounds in the literature that are restricted to (conditionally) independent sub-Gaussian noise, our bounds allow to consider a broad class of non-Gaussian distributions, such as sub-Gaussian, bounded, sub-exponential, and variance/moment-bounded noise. Moreover, our results apply to correlated and uncorrelated noise. We compare our proposed error bounds with existing results in terms of the induced uncertainty region and their performance in safe control, demonstrating the tightness of the proposed bounds.

Recently, sparse autoencoders (SAEs) have emerged as an attractive tool for interpreting and interacting with representations in practical neural networks. While it is common empirical folklore, we also show theoretically that SAEs are highly unstable: different training runs are likely to produce different concept dictionaries and sparse codes. We characterize the model properties that hinder the stability of real-world SAEs, and address each of these problems through minimal changes to the architecture and training procedure. Together, these changes yield two versions of an **i**dentifiable SAE (iSAE), a variant of the standard TopK SAE with lower reconstruction error and improved stability. We explain this improvement theoretically by connecting SAEs with traditional dictionary learning approaches, and show that the dictionaries learned in practice satisfy an approximate restricted isometry condition, rendering the corresponding sparse codes in those models near-identifiable.

Recent advances in generative video models have blurred the boundary between real and synthetic content, raising urgent concerns about digital authenticity. Multimodal large language models (MLLMs) are appealing for AI-generated video (AIGV) detection due to their broad perceptual and reasoning capabilities; however, existing MLLM-based detectors still suffer from hallucination and unstable reasoning, leading to high false-alarm rates and generic, non-verifiable explanations. To address these issues, we propose Hermes, an evidence-driven agentic framework for trustworthy and explainable AIGV detection. Hermes realizes three key capabilities: (1) Adaptive Instance-Conditioned Detection Strategy Planning, (2) Evidence-Centric Reasoning and Verification, and (3) Graph-Grounded Evidence Deliberation. Specifically, Hermes uses instance-conditioned retrieval-augmented generation to analyze each video and retrieve authenticity-verification knowledge for composing a tailored detection strategy. It then constructs a verifiable Evidence Reasoning Graph (ERG) to keep reasoning grounded in concrete video evidence and reduce attention drift. Finally, multi-agent deliberation audits and refines the ERG to reconcile conflicting evidence and improve reliability. With these capabilities and a library of forensic tools, Hermes enables structured, verifiable, and interpretable decision-making. Extensive experiments show that Hermes achieves state-of-the-art performance while producing auditable explanations for trustworthy video forensics.

While the auto-bidding literature predominantly considers independent bidding, we investigate the coordination problem among multiple auto-bidders in online advertising platforms. Two motivating scenarios are: collaborative bidding among multiple bidders managed by a third-party bidding agent, and strategic bid selection for multiple ad campaigns managed by a single advertiser. We formalize this coordination problem as a theoretical model and investigate the coordination mechanism where only the highest-value bidder competes with outside bidders, while other coordinated bidders refrain from competing. We demonstrate that such a coordination mechanism dominates independent bidding, improving both Return-on-Spend (RoS) compliance and the total value accrued for the participating auto-bidders or ad campaigns, for a broad class of auto-bidding algorithms. Additionally, our simulations on synthetic and real-world datasets support the theoretical result that coordination outperforms independent bidding. These findings highlight both the theoretical potential and the practical robustness of coordinated auto-bidding in online auctions.

Large models recently are widely applied in machine learning, so efficient training of large models has received widespread attention. More recently, the useful Muon optimizer is specifically designed for matrix-structured parameters of large models. Although some works have begun to study the Muon optimizer, the existing Muon and its variants still suffer from high sample complexity or high memory for large models. To fill this gap, we propose a light and fast Muon (LiMuon) optimizer for training large models, which builds on the momentum-based variance reduced technique and randomized Singular Value Decomposition (SVD). In particular, our LiMuon simultaneously has a lower memory and lower sample complexity than the Muon and its variants. Moreover, we prove that our LiMuon with lower memory has a lower sample complexity of $O(\epsilon^{-3})$ for finding an $\epsilon$-stationary solution of non-convex stochastic optimization under the generalized smoothness condition. To further narrow practice and theory gap, we also prove that our LiMuon with Newton-Schulz steps has a lower sample complexity than the Muon with Newton-Schulz steps. Numerical experimental results on training Mamba-130M, Qwen2.5-0.5B and ViT models demonstrate effectiveness of our LiMuon.

Despite the success of reinforcement learning from human feedback (RLHF), existing reward modeling methods largely rely on explicit feedback, which is costly to collect and difficult to scale. This work studies implicit reward modeling, learning reward models from implicit user feedback, such as clicks, copies and skips. While scalable and cost-effective, implicit feedback poses two key challenges: (1) It lacks definitive negative samples, which makes standard positive-negative classification methods inapplicable; (2) It suffers from selection bias, where responses have heterogeneous propensities to elicit feedback, which further obscures definitive negative samples. To address these challenges, we propose ImplicitRM, which learns unbiased reward models from implicit feedback. It stratifies training samples into four latent groups using a stratification model and derives a likelihood-maximization objective that is theoretically unbiased, thereby addressing both challenges. Experiments across diverse LLM backbones and benchmark datasets validate that ImplicitRM learns accurate reward models from implicit feedback and improves performance on downstream RLHF tasks.

Distribution Matching Distillation (DMD) is a widely used paradigm for accelerating inference in few-step video diffusion models. However, DMD-style training faces a structural bottleneck: the student-side auxiliary score network (the fake score) must closely track a continuously evolving generator. Updating the fake score too frequently increases training cost and can over-emphasize inner-loop tracking, while infrequent updates lead to tracking lag that destabilizes training and degrades generation consistency. To address this issue, we propose \textbf{Score Gradient Matching Distillation (SGMD)}. SGMD adopts a fake-score perspective by directly optimizing the fake score toward the teacher, while using teacher stop-gradient Fisher as a stable distribution-matching objective. We provide a gradient analysis that motivates this objective choice under ideal tracking. Building on this, SGMD introduces a pair of dual potentials: negative-residual (NR) for outer-loop correction and residual-contraction (RC) for inner-loop tracking. Empirically, compared to DMD, SGMD achieves an approximately $\sim 3\times$ training speedup and substantially improves motion dynamics for 4-step distilled models while preserving temporal consistency.

Understanding the capability bottlenecks of embodied multimodal large language models (MLLMs) is crucial for improvement. However, existing embodied benchmarks fail to provide actionable insights because they focus on task-level evaluation rather than discovering capability bottlenecks. To address this, we introduce BEAR, where we divide embodied tasks into 14 atomic skills for skill-level evaluation. BEAR comprises 4,469 interleaved image–video–text entries across 14 skills in 6 categories, ranging from low-level perception to high-level planning. We evaluate 20 MLLMs on BEAR under a hierarchical skill-level diagnosis framework and discover that (1) perceptual capabilities are major bottlenecks behind reasoning failures, and (2) models fail due to unstable spatiotemporal modeling which remain unexposed in previous benchmarks. Furthermore, building on these insights, we propose BEAR-Agent, a multimodal conversable agent that augments MLLMs with visual and spatial tools. It substantially enhances MLLMs’ performance across skills, yielding a relative improvement of 17.5% on GPT-5 on BEAR and outperform baselines by a large margin in both simulation and real-robot experiments across models. We provide our project website at https://bear-official66.github.io/.

Despite recent progress, recovering parametric CAD construction sequences from geometric input, such as meshes or point clouds, is a key challenge for design and manufacturing, as existing CAD reconstruction and generation methods are largely restricted to difficult-to-edit formats like meshes or Breps or editable simple sketch-and-extrude pipelines and low-complexity datasets. We introduce CADFit, a hybrid optimization-based CAD reconstruction framework that recovers complex, editable CAD construction sequences from meshes by incrementally fitting and validating parametric operations using geometric feedback. Our approach is distinguished by formulating reconstruction as an IoU-driven optimization over structured CAD programs and supporting a rich set of operations, including extrusions, revolutions, fillets, and chamfers. Experiments on multiple CAD benchmarks show that CADFit outperforms state-of-the-art mesh-to-CAD methods in volumetric Intersection-over-Union and Chamfer Distance, while substantially reducing the Invalid Ratio of reconstructed CAD programs, particularly for complex designs. We further present a multimodal pipeline that enables end-to-end reconstruction of CAD construction sequences from images by combining image-based geometry reconstruction with CADFit. By enabling accurate reconstruction of higher-complexity CAD models, CADFit provides a practical foundation for generating richer datasets and advancing future learning-based approaches to CAD reverse engineering. The code is available at: https://github.com/ghadinehme/CADFit.

Latent state space systems are ubiquitous in statistical modelling, arising naturally when time series are observed through noisy measurements. However, training deep state space models (DSSMs) at scale remains difficult. Two largely distinct strategies have emerged for training DSSMs. The first, auto-encoding DSSMs, trains generative models by optimising a variational lower bound. The second backpropagates through the outputs of classical sequential Monte Carlo (SMC) algorithms. Such approaches can train DSSMs for both discriminative and generative tasks, but their inherently sequential forward passes scale poorly on modern hardware. We propose \emph{parallel variational Monte Carlo} (PVMC), a new training method that bridges these paradigms and robustly trains DSSMs for both discriminative and generative tasks. Across a set of benchmark experiments, PVMC matches or exceeds state-of-the-art performance while training $10\times$ faster than the fastest competing SMC-based approach.

Open-vocabulary navigation requires embodied agents to manage significant perception uncertainty stemming from semantic ambiguity and model errors. However, most existing works settle for local optimal deterministic approaches, depriving complex navigation decision-making over multiple composite possibilities that are critical for globally better solutions. In this paper, we propose Probabilistic Scene Graph Navigation (PSG-Nav), which constructs a 3D Probabilistic Scene Graph that uses full semantic categorical distributions to account for perception uncertainty. To efficiently use the local distributions to compose and reason about the optimal navigation landmarks, we propose Multiverse Decision to sample multiple most likely world settings from the joint distribution, and evaluate navigation landmarks based on the compatibility between landmarks and multiverses. To mitigate false positives due to epistemic uncertainty in open-vocabulary navigation, we introduce the Evidential Experience Calibrator, which enables online lifelong adaptation by cross-validating detections against memories of past successes and failures. Extensive experiments on widely-used benchmarks MP3D, HM3D, and HSSD demonstrate that PSG-Nav establishes new state-of-the-art results, achieving Success Rates of 66.1%, 44.8%, and 67.9%, respectively. Code is available at: https://psg-nav.github.io

Token mixing layers play a key role in how language models can learn and generate long-range dependencies. Their efficiency relies on the necessary trade-off between decoding speed and the memory requirements, along with the cache size. Considering causal generation, this paper explores new trade-offs thanks to a unified framework which separates two crucial features: (i) the direct influence of inputs on outputs in one generation step; (ii) the recurrent propagation of information through past outputs. This framework encompasses major architectures such as attention and state-space models, but also generalizes the recurrence equations by allowing each state to depend on multiple past states rather than only the immediate predecessor. By introducing structure, we design new recurrence patterns that provably achieve the desired complexity, while providing theoretical insights on their expressivity -- trading runtime for expressivity in a principled way. Empirical validation is performed on synthetic tasks, along with language modeling. Together, these results provide a unified toolkit for the understanding and design of efficient and expressive token mixers across model families.

Speculative decoding (SD) accelerates large language model inference by using a smaller draft model to propose draft tokens that are subsequently verified by a larger target model. However, the performance of standard SD is often limited by the strictly sequential execution of these drafting and verification stages. To address this, this paper proposes MineDraft, a batch parallel speculative decoding (PSD) framework designed to effectively hide drafting latency by overlapping it with verification. Our theoretical analysis shows that PSD is substantially more efficient than standard SD. MineDraft realizes the PSD through a novel batch-parallel design that maintains two batches of requests, overlapping drafting for one batch with verification for the other. Our experimental results show significant improvements of MineDraft in both throughput (up to 75%) and end-to-end latency (up to 39%) over standard SD. Furthermore, we have implemented MineDraft as a plugin for vLLM, demonstrating its practicality for production-ready inference systems. The code is publicly available in the [MineDraft GitHub repository](https://github.com/electron-shaders/MineDraft).