ECCV 2024 论文列表

"Despite superior rate-distortion performance over traditional codecs, Neural Image Compression (NIC) is limited by its computational scalability in practical deployment. Prevailing research focuses on accelerating specific NIC modules but is restricted in controlling overall computational complexity. To this end, this work introduces BaSIC (BayesNet structure learning for computational Scalable neural Image Compression), a comprehensive, computationally scalable framework that affords full control over NIC processes. We learn the Bayesian network (BayesNet) structure of NIC for controlling both neural network backbones and autoregressive units. The learning of BayesNet is achieved by solving two sub-problems, i.e., learning a heterogeneous bipartite BayesNet for the inter-node structure to regulate backbone complexity, and a multipartite BayesNet for the intra-node structure to optimize parallel computation in autoregressive units. Experiments demonstrate that our method not only facilitates full computational scalability with more accurate complexity control but also maintains competitive compression performance compared to other computation scalable frameworks under equivalent computational constraints. Code will be available in https: //github.com/worldlife123/cbench_BaSIC."

"Effectively aligning with human judgment when evaluating machine-generated image captions represents a complex yet intriguing challenge. Existing evaluation metrics like CIDEr or CLIP-Score fall short in this regard as they do not take into account the corresponding image or lack the capability of encoding fine-grained details and penalizing hallucinations. To overcome these issues, in this paper, we propose , a new learnable and reference-free image captioning metric that employs a novel module to map visual features into dense vectors and integrates them into multi-modal pseudo-captions which are built during the evaluation process. This approach results in a multimodal metric that properly incorporates information from the input image without relying on reference captions, bridging the gap between human judgment and machine-generated image captions. Experiments spanning several datasets demonstrate that our proposal achieves state-of-the-art results compared to existing reference-free evaluation scores. Our source code and trained models are publicly available at: https://github.com/aimagelab/bridge-score"

"We introduce , a new benchmark for multimodal language models (LLMs) that focuses on core visual perception abilities not found in other evaluations. Most of the tasks can be solved by humans “within a blink” (, relative depth estimation, visual correspondence, forensics detection, and multi-view reasoning). However, we find these perception-demanding tasks cast significant challenges for current multimodal LLMs because they resist mediation through natural language. reformats 14 classic computer vision tasks into 3,807 multiple-choice questions, paired with single or multiple images and visual prompting. While humans get 95.70% accuracy on average, is surprisingly challenging for existing multimodal LLMs: even the best-performing GPT-4V and Gemini achieve accuracies of 51.26% and 45.72%, only 13.17% and 7.63% higher than random guessing, indicating that such perception abilities have not “emerged” yet in recent multimodal LLMs. Our analysis also highlights that specialist CV models could solve these problems much better, suggesting potential pathways for future improvements. We believe will stimulate the community to help multimodal LLMs catch up with human-level visual perception."

"Spiking neural networks (SNNs), which mimic biological neural systems to convey information via discrete spikes, are well-known as brain-inspired models with excellent computing efficiency. By utilizing the surrogate gradient estimation for discrete spikes, learning-based SNN training methods that can achieve ultra-low inference latency (, number of time-step) have emerged recently. Nevertheless, due to the difficulty of deriving precise gradient for discrete spikes in learning-based methods, a distinct accuracy gap persists between SNNs and their artificial neural networks (ANNs) counterparts. To address the aforementioned issue, we propose a blurred knowledge distillation (BKD) technique, which leverages randomly blurred SNN features to restore and imitate the ANN features. Note that, our BKD is applied upon the feature map right before the last layer of SNNs, which can also mix with prior logits-based knowledge distillation for maximal accuracy boost. In the category of learning-based methods, our work achieves state-of-the-art performance for training SNNs on both static and neuromorphic datasets. On the ImageNet dataset, BKDSNN outperforms prior best results by 4.51% and 0.93% with the network topology of CNN and Transformer, respectively."

"Multimodal Dialogue Response Generation (MDRG) is a recently proposed task where the model needs to generate responses in texts, images, or a blend of both based on the dialogue context. Due to the lack of a large-scale dataset specifically for this task and the benefits of leveraging powerful pre-trained models, previous work relies on the text modality as an intermediary step for both the image input and output of the model rather than adopting an end-to-end approach. However, this approach can overlook crucial information about the image, hindering 1) image-grounded text response and 2) consistency of objects in the image response. In this paper, we propose BI-MDRG that bridges the response generation path such that the image history information is utilized for enhanced relevance of text responses to the image content and the consistency of objects in sequential image responses. Through extensive experiments on the multimodal dialogue benchmark dataset, we show that BI-MDRG can effectively increase the quality of multimodal dialogue. Additionally, recognizing the gap in benchmark datasets for evaluating the image consistency in multimodal dialogue, we have created a curated set of 300 dialogues annotated to track object consistency across conversations. The code and the dataset is publicly available at https://github.com/hee-suk-yoon/BI-MDRG."

"Vision language models (VLMs) perceive the world through a combination of a visual encoder and a large language model (LLM). The visual encoder, pre-trained on large-scale vision-text datasets, provides zero-shot generalization to visual data, and the LLM endows its high reasoning ability to VLMs. It leads VLMs to achieve high performance on wide benchmarks without fine-tuning, exhibiting zero or few-shot capability. However, recent studies show that VLMs are vulnerable to hallucination. This undesirable behavior degrades reliability and credibility, thereby making users unable to fully trust the output from VLMs. To enhance trustworthiness and better tackle the hallucination of VLMs, we curate a new evaluation dataset, called the BEfore-AFter hallucination dataset (BEAF), and introduce new metrics: True Understanding (TU), IGnorance (IG), StuBbornness (SB), and InDecision (ID). Unlike prior works that focus only on constructing questions and answers, the key idea of our benchmark is to manipulate visual scene information by image editing models and to design the metrics based on scene changes. This allows us to clearly assess whether VLMs correctly understand a given scene by observing the ability to perceive changes. We also visualize image-wise object relationship by virtue of our two-axis view: vision and text. Upon evaluating VLMs with our dataset, we observed that our metrics reveal different aspects of VLM hallucination that have not been reported before. Project page: https://beafbench.github.io/"

"Generating human motion from text has been dominated by denoising motion models either through diffusion or generative masking process. However, these models face great limitations in usability by requiring prior knowledge of the motion length. Conversely, autoregressive motion models address this limitation by adaptively predicting motion endpoints, at the cost of degraded generation quality and editing capabilities. To address these challenges, we propose Bidirectional Autoregressive Motion Model (BAMM), a novel text-to-motion generation framework. BAMM consists of two key components: (1) a motion tokenizer that transforms 3D human motion into discrete tokens in latent space, and (2) a masked self-attention transformer that autoregressively predicts randomly masked tokens via a hybrid attention masking strategy. By unifying generative masked modeling and autoregressive modeling, BAMM captures rich and bidirectional dependencies among motion tokens, while learning the probabilistic mapping from textual inputs to motion outputs with dynamically-adjusted motion sequence length. This feature enables BAMM to simultaneously achieving high-quality motion generation with enhanced usability and built-in motion editability. Extensive experiments on HumanML3D and KIT-ML datasets demonstrate that BAMM surpasses current state-of-the-art methods in both qualitative and quantitative measures. Our project page is available at https://exitudio.github.io/BAMM-page"

"Temporal sentence grounding aims to localize moments relevant to a language description. Recently, DETR-like approaches achieved notable progress by predicting the center and length of a target moment. However, they suffer from the issue of center misalignment raised by the inherent ambiguity of moment centers, leading to inaccurate predictions. To remedy this problem, we propose a novel boundary-oriented moment formulation. In our paradigm, the model no longer needs to find the precise center but instead suffices to predict any anchor point within the interval, from which the boundaries are directly estimated. Based on this idea, we design a boundary-aligned moment detection transformer, equipped with a dual-pathway decoding process. Specifically, it refines the anchor and boundaries within parallel pathways using global and boundary-focused attention, respectively. This separate design allows the model to focus on desirable regions, enabling precise refinement of moment predictions. Further, we propose a quality-based ranking method, ensuring that proposals with high localization qualities are prioritized over incomplete ones. Experiments on three benchmarks validate the effectiveness of the proposed methods. The code is available here."

"Recent efforts in using 3D Gaussians for scene reconstruction and novel view synthesis can achieve impressive results on curated benchmarks; however, images captured in real life are often blurry. In this work, we analyze the robustness of Gaussian-Splatting-based methods against various image blur, such as motion blur, defocus blur, downscaling blur, . Under these degradations, Gaussian-Splatting-based methods tend to overfit and produce worse results than Neural-Radiance-Field-based methods. To address this issue, we propose Blur Agnostic Gaussian Splatting (BAGS). BAGS introduces additional 2D modeling capacities such that a 3D-consistent and high quality scene can be reconstructed despite image-wise blur. Specifically, we model blur by estimating per-pixel convolution kernels from a Blur Proposal Network (BPN). BPN is designed to consider spatial, color, and depth variations of the scene to maximize modeling capacity. Additionally, BPN also proposes a quality-assessing mask, which indicates regions where blur occur. Finally, we introduce a coarse-to-fine kernel optimization scheme; this optimization scheme is fast and avoids sub-optimal solutions due to a sparse point cloud initialization, which often occurs when we apply Structure-from-Motion on blurry images. We demonstrate that BAGS achieves photorealistic renderings under various challenging blur conditions and imaging geometry, while significantly improving upon existing approaches."

"Federated learning (FL) is a general principle for decentralized clients to train a server model collectively without sharing local data. FL is a promising framework with practical applications, but its standard training paradigm requires the clients to backpropagate through the model to compute gradients. Since these clients are typically edge devices and not fully trusted, executing backpropagation on them incurs computational and storage overhead as well as white-box vulnerability. In light of this, we develop backpropagation-free federated learning, dubbed BAFFLE, in which backpropagation is replaced by multiple forward processes to estimate gradients. BAFFLE is 1) memory-efficient and easily fits uploading bandwidth; 2) compatible with inference-only hardware optimization and model quantization or pruning; and 3) well-suited to trusted execution environments, because the clients in BAFFLE only execute forward propagation and return a set of scalars to the server. Empirically we use BAFFLE to train deep models from scratch or to finetune pretrained models, achieving acceptable results."

"While neural rendering has demonstrated impressive capabilities in 3D scene reconstruction and novel view synthesis, it heavily relies on high-quality sharp images and accurate camera poses. Numerous approaches have been proposed to train Neural Radiance Fields (NeRF) with motion-blurred images, commonly encountered in real-world scenarios such as low-light or long-exposure conditions. However, the implicit representation of NeRF struggles to accurately recover intricate details from severely motion-blurred images and cannot achieve real-time rendering. In contrast, recent advancements in 3D Gaussian Splatting achieve high-quality 3D scene reconstruction and real-time rendering by explicitly optimizing point clouds into 3D Gaussians. In this paper, we introduce a novel approach, named BAD-Gaussians (Bundle Adjusted Deblur Gaussian Splatting), which leverages explicit Gaussian representation and handles severe motion-blurred images with inaccurate camera poses to achieve high-quality scene reconstruction. Our method models the physical image formation process of motion-blurred images and jointly learns the parameters of Gaussians while recovering camera motion trajectories during exposure time. In our experiments, we demonstrate that BAD-Gaussians not only achieves superior rendering quality compared to previous state-of-the-art deblur neural rendering methods on both synthetic and real datasets but also enables real-time rendering capabilities."

"Despite progress in human motion capture, existing multi-view methods often face challenges in estimating the 3D pose and shape of multiple closely interacting people. This difficulty arises from reliance on accurate 2D joint estimations, which are hard to obtain due to occlusions and body contact when people are in close interaction. To address this, we propose a novel method leveraging the personalized implicit neural avatar of each individual as a prior, which significantly improves the robustness and precision of this challenging pose estimation task. Concretely, the avatars are efficiently reconstructed via layered volume rendering from sparse multi-view videos. The reconstructed avatar prior allows for the direct optimization of 3D poses based on color and silhouette rendering loss, bypassing the issues associated with noisy 2D detections. To handle interpenetration, we propose a collision loss on the overlapping shape regions of avatars to add penetration constraints. Moreover, both 3D poses and avatars are optimized in an alternating manner. Our experimental results demonstrate state-of-the-art performance on several public datasets."

"Modern avatar generators allow anyone to synthesize photorealistic real-time talking avatars, ushering in a new era of avatar-based human communication, such as with immersive AR/VR interactions or videoconferencing with limited bandwidths. Their safe adoption, however, requires a mechanism to verify if the rendered avatar is trustworthy: does it use the appearance of an individual without their consent? We term this task avatar fingerprinting. To tackle it, we first introduce a large-scale dataset of real and synthetic videos of people interacting on a video call, where the synthetic videos are generated using the facial appearance of one person and the expressions of another. We verify the identity driving the expressions in a synthetic video, by learning motion signatures that are independent of the facial appearance shown. Our solution, the first in this space, achieves an average AUC of 0.85. Critical to its practical use, it also generalizes to new generators never seen in training (average AUC of 0.83). The proposed dataset and other resources can be found at: https: //research.nvidia.com/labs/nxp/avatar-fingerprinting/."

"We propose a novel and challenging benchmark, AutoEval-Video, to comprehensively evaluate large vision-language models in open-ended video question answering. The comprehensiveness of AutoEval-Video is demonstrated in two aspects: 1) AutoEval-Video constructs open-ended video-questions across 9 skill dimensions, addressing capabilities of perception, comprehension, and generation; 2) AutoEval-Video contains newly collected videos that cover over 40 distinct themes. To efficiently evaluate responses to the open-ended questions, we employ an LLM-based evaluation approach, but instead of merely providing a reference answer, we annotate unique evaluation rules for every single instance (video-question pair). To maximize the robustness of these rules, we develop a novel adversarial annotation mechanism. By using instance-specific rules as prompt, GPT-4, as an automatic evaluator, can achieve a stable evaluation accuracy of around 97.0%, comparable to the 94.9% - 97.5% accuracy of a human evaluator. Furthermore, we assess the performance of eleven large vision-language models on AutoEval-Video. Among them, GPT-4V(ision) significantly outperforms other models, achieving an accuracy of 32.2%. However, there is still substantial room for improvement compared to human accuracy of 72.8%. By conducting an extensive case study, we uncover several drawbacks of GPT-4V, such as limited temporal and dynamic comprehension, and overly general responses. Code is available at magentahttps://github.com/Xiuyuan-Chen/A"

"We present AutoDIR, an innovative all-in-one image restoration system incorporating latent diffusion. AutoDIR excels in its ability to automatically identify and restore images suffering from a range of unknown degradations. AutoDIR offers intuitive open-vocabulary image editing, empowering users to customize and enhance images according to their preferences. AutoDIR consists of two key stages: a Blind Image Quality Assessment (BIQA) stage based on a semantic-agnostic vision-language model which automatically detects unknown image degradations for input images, an All-in-One Image Restoration (AIR) stage utilizes structural-corrected latent diffusion which handles multiple types of image degradations. Extensive experimental evaluation demonstrates that AutoDIR outperforms state-of-the-art approaches for a wider range of image restoration tasks. The design of AutoDIR also enables flexible user control (via text prompt) and generalization to new tasks as a foundation model of image restoration. Project is available at: https://jiangyitong.github.io/ AutoDIR_webpage/."

"In this paper, we introduce Auto-GAS, the first training-free Generative Architecture Search (GAS) framework enabled by an auto-discovered proxy. Generative models like Generative Adversarial Networks (GANs) are now widely used in many real-time applications. Previous GAS methods use differentiable or evolutionary search to find optimal GAN generators for fast inference and memory efficiency. However, the high computational overhead of these training-based GAS techniques limits their adoption. To improve search efficiency, we explore training-free GAS but find existing zero-cost proxies designed for classification tasks underperform on generation benchmarks. To address this challenge, we develop a custom proxy search framework tailored for GAS tasks to enhance predictive power. Specifically, we construct an information-aware proxy that takes feature statistics as inputs and utilizes advanced transform, encoding, reduction, and augment operations to represent candidate proxies. Then, we employ an evolutionary algorithm to perform crossover and mutation on superior candidates within the population based on correlation evaluation. Finally, we perform generator search without training using the optimized proxy. Thus, Auto-GAS enables automated proxy discovery for GAS while significantly accelerating the search before training stage. Extensive experiments on image generation and image-to-image translation tasks demonstrate that Auto-GAS strikes superior accuracy-speed tradeoffs over state-of-the-art methods. Remarkably, Auto-GAS achieves competitive scores with 110× faster search than GAN Compression. Code at: https://github.com/lliai/Auto-GAS."

"Distillation-aware Architecture Search (DAS) seeks to discover the ideal student architecture that delivers superior performance by distilling knowledge from a given teacher model. Previous DAS methods involve time-consuming training-based search processes. Recently, the training-free DAS method (, DisWOT) proposes KD-based proxies and achieves significant search acceleration. However, we observe that DisWOT suffers from limitations such as the need for manual design and poor generalization to diverse architectures, such as the Vision Transformer (ViT). To address these issues, we present Auto-DAS, an automatic proxy discovery framework using an Evolutionary Algorithm (EA) for training-free DAS. Specifically, we empirically find that proxies conditioned on student instinct statistics and teacher-student interaction statistics can effectively predict distillation accuracy. Then, we represent the proxy with computation graphs and construct the proxy search space using instinct and interaction statistics as inputs. To identify promising proxies, our search space incorporates various types of basic transformations and network distance operators inspired by previous proxy and KD-loss designs. Next, our EA initializes populations, evaluates, performs crossover and mutation operations, and selects the best correlation candidate with distillation accuracy. We introduce an adaptive-elite selection strategy to enhance search efficiency and strive for a balance between exploitation and exploration. Finally, we conduct training-free DAS with discovered proxy before the optimal student distillation phase. In this way, our auto-discovery framework eliminates the need for manual design and tuning, while also adapting to different search spaces through direct correlation optimization. Extensive experiments demonstrate that Auto-DAS generalizes well to various architectures and search spaces (, ResNet, ViT, NAS-Bench-101, and NAS-Bench-201), achieving state-of-the-art results in both ranking correlation and final searched accuracy. Code at: https://github.com/lliai/Auto-DAS."

"Recent studies have revealed the vulnerability of deep neural networks (DNNs) to various backdoor attacks, where the behavior of DNNs can be compromised by utilizing certain types of triggers or poisoning mechanisms. State-of-the-art (SOTA) defenses employ too-sophisticated mechanisms that require either a computationally expensive adversarial search module for reverse-engineering the trigger distribution or an over-sensitive hyper-parameter selection module. Moreover, they offer sub-par performance in challenging scenarios, , limited validation data and strong attacks. In this paper, we propose—Neural mask Fine-Tuning (NFT)—with an aim to optimally re-organize the neuron activities in a way that the effect of the backdoor is removed. Utilizing a simple data augmentation like MixUp, NFT relaxes the trigger synthesis process and eliminates the requirement of the adversarial search module. Our study further reveals that direct weight fine-tuning under limited validation data results in poor post-purification clean test accuracy, primarily due to overfitting issue. To overcome this, we propose to fine-tune neural masks instead of model weights. In addition, a mask regularizer has been devised to further mitigate the model drift during the purification process. The distinct characteristics of NFT render it highly efficient in both runtime and sample usage, as it can remove the backdoor even when a single sample is available from each class. We validate the effectiveness of NFT through extensive experiments covering the tasks of image classification, object detection, video action recognition, 3D point cloud, and natural language processing. We evaluate our method against 14 different attacks (LIRA, WaNet, ) on 11 benchmark data sets (ImageNet, UCF101, Pascal VOC, ModelNet, OpenSubtitles2012, ). Our code is available online in this GitHub Repository."

"Unsupervised depth completion and estimation methods are trained by minimizing reconstruction error. Block artifacts from resampling, intensity saturation, and occlusions are amongst the many undesirable by-products of common data augmentation schemes that affect image reconstruction quality, and thus the training signal. Hence, typical augmentations on images viewed as essential to training pipelines in other vision tasks have seen limited use beyond small image intensity changes and flipping. The sparse depth modality in depth completion have seen even less use as intensity transformations alter the scale of the 3D scene, and geometric transformations may decimate the sparse points during resampling. We propose a method that unlocks a wide range of previously-infeasible geometric augmentations for unsupervised depth completion and estimation. This is achieved by reversing, or “undo”-ing, geometric transformations to the coordinates of the output depth, warping the depth map back to the original reference frame. This enables computing the reconstruction losses using the original images and sparse depth maps, eliminating the pitfalls of naive loss computation on the augmented inputs and allowing us to scale up augmentations to boost performance. We demonstrate our method on indoor (VOID) and outdoor (KITTI) datasets, where we consistently improve upon recent methods across both datasets as well as generalization to four other datasets. Code available at: https://github.com/alexklwong/augundo"