Treatment Effect papers, 2023–2026

Key findings

• Treatment Effect went from 75 papers in 2023 to 106 in 2026, roughly 1.4x in three years.
• NeurIPS publishes the most Treatment Effect work: 131 papers from 2023 to 2026, 34% of the four-venue total.
• The fastest-growing overlap is with General ML · unsupervised and semisupervised learning: papers tagged with both rose from 3 in 2023 to 10 in 2026.
• Among the 5 topics under Causal and Fairness, it ranks #2 by 2026 paper count; the fastest grower in the group, Causal Discovery, is up 2.4x versus 1.4x here.

Representative papers

Spread across years and venues so every edition shows up

• NeurIPS 2026Assessing the robustness of heterogeneous treatment effects in survival analysis under informative censoring
• ICML 2026Causal Effect Identifiability in the Presence of Latent Confounders Without Auxiliary Variables
• ICLR 2026ActiveCQ: Active Estimation of Causal Quantities
• CVPR 2026Event Stream Filtering via Probability Flux Estimation
• NeurIPS 2025Born a Transformer -- Always a Transformer? On the Effect of Pretraining on Architectural Abilities
• ICML 2025A Meta-learner for Heterogeneous Effects in Difference-in-Differences
• ICLR 2025Causal Effect Estimation with Mixed Latent Confounders and Post-treatment Variables
• CVPR 2025Any6D: Model-free 6D Pose Estimation of Novel Objects
• NeurIPS 2024Benchmarking Estimators for Natural Experiments: A Novel Dataset and a Doubly Robust Algorithm
• ICML 2024A Generative Approach for Treatment Effect Estimation under Collider Bias: From an Out-of-Distribution Perspective
• ICLR 2024A Variational Framework for Estimating Continuous Treatment Effects with Measurement Error
• CVPR 2024LightOctree: Lightweight 3D Spatially-Coherent Indoor Lighting Estimation
• NeurIPS 2023An Efficient Doubly-Robust Test for the Kernel Treatment Effect
• ICML 2023A Three-regime Model of Network Pruning
• ICLR 2023Causal Estimation for Text Data with (Apparent) Overlap Violations
• CVPR 2023HRDFuse: Monocular 360deg Depth Estimation by Collaboratively Learning Holistic-With-Regional Depth Distributions
• NeurIPS 2026Automated Causal Effect Estimation through Self-Evolving AI
• ICML 2026Causal-EPIG: Causally Aligned Active CATE Estimation
• ICLR 2026Foundation Models for Causal Inference via Prior-Data Fitted Networks
• CVPR 2026The Invisible Gorilla Effect in Out-of-distribution Detection

All Treatment Effect papers

98 papers, page 2 of 2

51. ICML 2025Measuring Variable Importance in Heterogeneous Treatment Effects with Confidence
52. ICML 2025On Efficient Estimation of Distributional Treatment Effects under Covariate-Adaptive Randomization
53. ICML 2025On Fine-Grained Distinct Element Estimation
54. ICML 2025Optimistic Algorithms for Adaptive Estimation of the Average Treatment Effect
55. ICML 2025PertEval-scFM: Benchmarking Single-Cell Foundation Models for Perturbation Effect Prediction
56. ICML 2025Quantifying Treatment Effects: Estimating Risk Ratios via Observational Studies
57. ICML 2025Reducing Confounding Bias without Data Splitting for Causal Inference via Optimal Transport
58. ICML 2025Sample Complexity of Branch-length Estimation by Maximum Likelihood
59. ICML 2025Strategic A/B testing via Maximum Probability-driven Two-armed Bandit
60. ICML 2025Stronger Neyman Regret Guarantees for Adaptive Experimental Design
61. ICML 2025The Butterfly Effect: Neural Network Training Trajectories Are Highly Sensitive to Initial Conditions
62. ICML 2025The Double-Ellipsoid Geometry of CLIP
63. ICML 2025Transformer-Based Spatial-Temporal Counterfactual Outcomes Estimation
64. ICML 2025Uniform Mean Estimation for Heavy-Tailed Distributions via Median-of-Means
65. NeurIPS 2025Adaptive Data-Borrowing for Improving Treatment Effect Estimation using External Controls
66. NeurIPS 2025An Analysis of Causal Effect Estimation using Outcome Invariant Data Augmentation
67. NeurIPS 2025Beyond the Average: Distributional Causal Inference under Imperfect Compliance
68. NeurIPS 2025Born a Transformer -- Always a Transformer? On the Effect of Pretraining on Architectural Abilities
69. NeurIPS 2025CausalPFN: Amortized Causal Effect Estimation via In-Context Learning
70. NeurIPS 2025CMoB: Modality Valuation via Causal Effect for Balanced Multimodal Learning
71. NeurIPS 2025Counterfactual Implicit Feedback Modeling
72. NeurIPS 2025Coupling Generative Modeling and an Autoencoder with the Causal Bridge
73. NeurIPS 2025Data-Adaptive Exposure Thresholds under Network Interference
74. NeurIPS 2025Do-PFN: In-Context Learning for Causal Effect Estimation
75. NeurIPS 2025DoseSurv: Predicting Personalized Survival Outcomes under Continuous-Valued Treatments
76. NeurIPS 2025EAP-GP: Mitigating Saturation Effect in Gradient-based Automated Circuit Identification
77. NeurIPS 2025Efficient Adaptive Experimentation with Noncompliance
78. NeurIPS 2025Efficient Randomized Experiments Using Foundation Models
79. NeurIPS 2025Estimation of Stochastic Optimal Transport Maps
80. NeurIPS 2025Estimation of Treatment Effects in Extreme and Unobserved Data
81. NeurIPS 2025Evaluating and Learning Optimal Dynamic Treatment Regimes under Truncation by Death
82. NeurIPS 2025From Likelihood to Fitness: Improving Variant Effect Prediction in Protein and Genome Language Models
83. NeurIPS 2025Improving the Generation and Evaluation of Synthetic Data for Downstream Medical Causal Inference
84. NeurIPS 2025It’s Hard to Be Normal: The Impact of Noise on Structure-agnostic Estimation
85. NeurIPS 2025LLM-Driven Treatment Effect Estimation Under Inference Time Text Confounding
86. NeurIPS 2025Local Learning for Covariate Selection in Nonparametric Causal Effect Estimation with Latent Variables
87. NeurIPS 2025Neural Mutual Information Estimation with Vector Copulas
88. NeurIPS 2025On Minimax Estimation of Parameters in Softmax-Contaminated Mixture of Experts
89. NeurIPS 2025Optimal Adjustment Sets for Nonparametric Estimation of Weighted Controlled Direct Effect
90. NeurIPS 2025Orthogonal Survival Learners for Estimating Heterogeneous Treatment Effects from Time-to-Event Data
91. NeurIPS 2025Pool Me Wisely: On the Effect of Pooling in Transformer-Based Models
92. NeurIPS 2025PUATE: Efficient ATE Estimation from Treated (Positive) and Unlabeled Units
93. NeurIPS 2025Refinement Methods for Distributed Distribution Estimation under $\ell^p$-Losses
94. NeurIPS 2025Relieving the Over-Aggregating Effect in Graph Transformers
95. NeurIPS 2025SingRef6D: Monocular Novel Object Pose Estimation with a Single RGB Reference
96. NeurIPS 2025The Hawthorne Effect in Reasoning Models: Evaluating and Steering Test Awareness
97. NeurIPS 2025Transferring Causal Effects using Proxies
98. NeurIPS 2025Treatment Effect Estimation for Optimal Decision-Making

FAQ

How many Treatment Effect papers were published at NeurIPS, ICLR, ICML and CVPR from 2023 to 2026?

385 in total: 75 in 2023, 106 in 2024, 98 in 2025, 106 in 2026.

How many Treatment Effect papers are at NeurIPS 2026?

NeurIPS 2026 has 44 Treatment Effect papers, versus 34 the year before.

How many Treatment Effect papers are at ICLR 2026?

ICLR 2026 has 18 Treatment Effect papers, versus 16 the year before.

How many Treatment Effect papers are at ICML 2026?

ICML 2026 has 27 Treatment Effect papers, versus 31 the year before.

How many Treatment Effect papers are at CVPR 2026?

CVPR 2026 has 17 Treatment Effect papers, versus 17 the year before.

Which conference publishes the most Treatment Effect papers?

NeurIPS, with 131 papers from 2023 to 2026.