Deep learning · large language models papers, 2023–2026

Key findings

• Deep learning · large language models went from 488 papers in 2023 to 1,131 in 2026, roughly 2.3x in three years.
• ICML publishes the most Deep learning · large language models work: 1,608 papers from 2023 to 2026, 69% of the four-venue total.
• The fastest-growing overlap is with AI Agents: papers tagged with both rose from 5 in 2023 to 184 in 2026.
• Among the 11 topics under Deep Learning, it ranks #3 by 2026 paper count; the fastest grower in the group, Diffusion Models, is up 4.1x versus 2.3x here.

Representative papers

Spread across years and venues so every edition shows up

• ICML 2026“very likely” Means “uncertain”? How LLMs Diverge from Humans in Linguistic Uncertainty Quantification
• ICML 2025(How) Do Language Models Track State?
• ICLR 2025AdvWave: Stealthy Adversarial Jailbreak Attack against Large Audio-Language Models
• NeurIPS 2024$\beta$-DPO: Direct Preference Optimization with Dynamic $\beta$
• NeurIPS 20233D-LLM: Injecting the 3D World into Large Language Models
• ICML 2023Are Large Kernels Better Teachers than Transformers for ConvNets?
• ICML 2026$f$-Divergence Self-Play for Tabular Anomaly Detection via Large Language Models
• ICML 2025A Tale of Two Structures: Do LLMs Capture the Fractal Complexity of Language?
• ICLR 2025Emergence of a High-Dimensional Abstraction Phase in Language Transformers
• NeurIPS 2024$\textit{Trans-LoRA}$: towards data-free Transferable Parameter Efficient Finetuning
• NeurIPS 2023A fast heuristic to optimize time-space tradeoff for large models
• ICML 2023Arithmetic Sampling: Parallel Diverse Decoding for Large Language Models
• ICML 2026$L^3$: Large Lookup Layers
• ICML 2025Accelerating LLM Inference with Lossless Speculative Decoding Algorithms for Heterogeneous Vocabularies
• ICLR 2025Holistically Evaluating the Environmental Impact of Creating Language Models
• NeurIPS 2024A distributional simplicity bias in the learning dynamics of transformers
• NeurIPS 2023A Pseudo-Semantic Loss for Autoregressive Models with Logical Constraints
• ICML 2023Auto-Differentiation of Relational Computations for Very Large Scale Machine Learning
• ICML 2026$V_0$: A Generalist Value Model for Any Policy at State Zero
• ICML 2025Accelerating Unbiased LLM Evaluation via Synthetic Feedback

All Deep learning · large language models papers

417 papers, page 8 of 9

351. ICML 2025Soft Reasoning: Navigating Solution Spaces in Large Language Models through Controlled Embedding Exploration
352. ICML 2025SparseLoRA: Accelerating LLM Fine-Tuning with Contextual Sparsity
353. ICML 2025Sparsing Law: Towards Large Language Models with Greater Activation Sparsity
354. ICML 2025SpeCache: Speculative Key-Value Caching for Efficient Generation of LLMs
355. ICML 2025Speculate, then Collaborate: Fusing Knowledge of Language Models during Decoding
356. ICML 2025Speculative Prefill: Turbocharging TTFT with Lightweight and Training-Free Token Importance Estimation
357. ICML 2025Splitting with Importance-aware Updating for Heterogeneous Federated Learning with Large Language Models
358. ICML 2025Steer LLM Latents for Hallucination Detection
359. ICML 2025Streamline Without Sacrifice - Squeeze out Computation Redundancy in LMM
360. ICML 2025Structure-Guided Large Language Models for Text-to-SQL Generation
361. ICML 2025Synthetic Text Generation for Training Large Language Models via Gradient Matching
362. ICML 2025Taming Knowledge Conflicts in Language Models
363. ICML 2025Targeted Low-rank Refinement: Enhancing Sparse Language Models with Precision
364. ICML 2025Teaching Language Models to Critique via Reinforcement Learning
365. ICML 2025Teaching Physical Awareness to LLMs through Sounds
366. ICML 2025Teaching Transformers Causal Reasoning through Axiomatic Training
367. ICML 2025Test-Time Learning for Large Language Models
368. ICML 2025Test-Time Preference Optimization: On-the-Fly Alignment via Iterative Textual Feedback
369. ICML 2025TGDPO: Harnessing Token-Level Reward Guidance for Enhancing Direct Preference Optimization
370. ICML 2025The Berkeley Function Calling Leaderboard (BFCL): From Tool Use to Agentic Evaluation of Large Language Models
371. ICML 2025The Best of Both Worlds: Bridging Quality and Diversity in Data Selection with Bipartite Graph
372. ICML 2025The Canary’s Echo: Auditing Privacy Risks of LLM-Generated Synthetic Text
373. ICML 2025The Emperor's New Clothes in Benchmarking? A Rigorous Examination of Mitigation Strategies for LLM Benchmark Data Contamination
374. ICML 2025The Energy Loss Phenomenon in RLHF: A New Perspective on Mitigating Reward Hacking
375. ICML 2025The Geometry of Refusal in Large Language Models: Concept Cones and Representational Independence
376. ICML 2025The Hidden Dimensions of LLM Alignment: A Multi-Dimensional Analysis of Orthogonal Safety Directions
377. ICML 2025The Missing Alignment Link of In-context Learning on Sequences
378. ICML 2025The Surprising Effectiveness of Test-Time Training for Few-Shot Learning
379. ICML 2025The Synergy of LLMs & RL Unlocks Offline Learning of Generalizable Language-Conditioned Policies with Low-fidelity Data
380. ICML 2025Think Smarter not Harder: Adaptive Reasoning with Inference Aware Optimization
381. ICML 2025Thinking LLMs: General Instruction Following with Thought Generation
382. ICML 2025To Steer or Not to Steer? Mechanistic Error Reduction with Abstention for Language Models
383. ICML 2025Token Assorted: Mixing Latent and Text Tokens for Improved Language Model Reasoning
384. ICML 2025Token Cleaning: Fine-Grained Data Selection for LLM Supervised Fine-Tuning
385. ICML 2025Token Signature: Predicting Chain-of-Thought Gains with Token Decoding Feature in Large Language Models
386. ICML 2025TokenSwift: Lossless Acceleration of Ultra Long Sequence Generation
387. ICML 2025Towards Cost-Effective Reward Guided Text Generation
388. ICML 2025Towards Lifelong Model Editing via Simulating Ideal Editor
389. ICML 2025Towards LLM Unlearning Resilient to Relearning Attacks: A Sharpness-Aware Minimization Perspective and Beyond
390. ICML 2025Training a Generally Curious Agent
391. ICML 2025Training Software Engineering Agents and Verifiers with SWE-Gym
392. ICML 2025TruthFlow: Truthful LLM Generation via Representation Flow Correction
393. ICML 2025TuCo: Measuring the Contribution of Fine-Tuning to Individual Responses of LLMs
394. ICML 2025Tuning LLM Judge Design Decisions for 1/1000 of the Cost
395. ICML 2025UDora: A Unified Red Teaming Framework against LLM Agents by Dynamically Hijacking Their Own Reasoning
396. ICML 2025Unbiased Evaluation of Large Language Models from a Causal Perspective
397. ICML 2025Understanding Bias Reinforcement in LLM Agents Debate
398. ICML 2025Understanding Chain-of-Thought in LLMs through Information Theory
399. ICML 2025Understanding Multimodal LLMs Under Distribution Shifts: An Information-Theoretic Approach
400. ICML 2025Understanding Synthetic Context Extension via Retrieval Heads

FAQ

How many Deep learning · large language models papers were published at NeurIPS, ICLR, ICML and CVPR from 2023 to 2026?

2,334 in total: 488 in 2023, 298 in 2024, 417 in 2025, 1,131 in 2026.

How many Deep learning · large language models papers are at NeurIPS 2024?

NeurIPS 2024 has 298 Deep learning · large language models papers, versus 415 the year before.

How many Deep learning · large language models papers are at ICLR 2025?

ICLR 2025 has 13 Deep learning · large language models papers.

How many Deep learning · large language models papers are at ICML 2026?

ICML 2026 has 1,131 Deep learning · large language models papers, versus 404 the year before.

Which conference publishes the most Deep learning · large language models papers?

ICML, with 1,608 papers from 2023 to 2026.