Reinforcement Learning papers, 2023–2026

Key findings

• Reinforcement Learning went from 1,070 papers in 2023 to 2,985 in 2026, roughly 2.8x in three years.
• NeurIPS publishes the most Reinforcement Learning work: 2,494 papers from 2023 to 2026, 36% of the four-venue total.
• The fastest-growing overlap is with Reasoning Models: papers tagged with both rose from 9 in 2023 to 437 in 2026.

Representative papers

Spread across years and venues so every edition shows up

• NeurIPS 2026\texttt{FEROM}: Frontier Endogenous Reveal-Order Marginal Policy Optimization for Masked Diffusion LMs
• ICML 2026$\text{DT}^\text{2}$: Decision-Targeted Digital Twins
• ICLR 2026$\nabla$-Reasoner: LLM Reasoning via Test-Time Gradient Descent in Textual Space
• CVPR 2026A Causal Marriage between VLM and IRM from Understanding to
• NeurIPS 2025$\texttt{G1}$: Teaching LLMs to Reason on Graphs with Reinforcement Learning
• ICML 2025A Computationally Efficient Algorithm for Infinite-Horizon Average-Reward Linear MDPs
• ICLR 2025$\phi$-Update: A Class of Policy Update Methods with Policy Convergence Guarantee
• CVPR 2025All-Optical Nonlinear Diffractive Deep Network for Ultrafast Image Denoising
• NeurIPS 2024A Critical Evaluation of AI Feedback for Aligning Large Language Models
• ICML 2024${\rm E}(3)$-Equivariant Actor-Critic Methods for Cooperative Multi-Agent Reinforcement Learning
• ICLR 2024A Black-box Approach for Non-stationary Multi-agent Reinforcement Learning
• CVPR 2024DMR: Decomposed Multi-Modality Representations for Frames and Events Fusion in Visual Reinforcement Learning
• NeurIPS 2023“Why Not Looking backward?” A Robust Two-Step Method to Automatically Terminate Bayesian Optimization
• ICML 2023A Connection between One-Step RL and Critic Regularization in Reinforcement Learning
• ICLR 2023$O(T^{-1})$ Convergence of Optimistic-Follow-the-Regularized-Leader in Two-Player Zero-Sum Markov Games
• CVPR 2023"Seeing" Electric Network Frequency From Events
• NeurIPS 2026$\varphi$TD: Distributional Reinforcement Learning using Characteristic Functions
• ICML 2026$\textit{S}$-SPPO: Semantic-Calibrated Self-Play Preference Optimization
• ICLR 2026$AutoDrive\text{-}P^3$: Unified Chain of Perception–Prediction–Planning Thought via Reinforcement Fine-Tuning
• CVPR 2026AdaptVision Efficient Vision-Language Models via Adaptive Visual Acquisition

All Reinforcement Learning papers

1,640 papers, page 5 of 33

201. ICLR 2025From Tokens to Words: On the Inner Lexicon of LLMs
202. ICLR 2025Gap-Dependent Bounds for Q-Learning using Reference-Advantage Decomposition
203. ICLR 2025GenARM: Reward Guided Generation with Autoregressive Reward Model for Test-Time Alignment
204. ICLR 2025Generating Freeform Endoskeletal Robots
205. ICLR 2025Geometry of Neural Reinforcement Learning in Continuous State and Action Spaces
206. ICLR 2025Geometry-aware RL for Manipulation of Varying Shapes and Deformable Objects
207. ICLR 2025Global Convergence of Policy Gradient in Average Reward MDPs
208. ICLR 2025GPUDrive: Data-driven, multi-agent driving simulation at 1 million FPS
209. ICLR 2025Grammar Reinforcement Learning: path and cycle counting in graphs with a Context-Free Grammar and Transformer approach
210. ICLR 2025Graph Assisted Offline-Online Deep Reinforcement Learning for Dynamic Workflow Scheduling
211. ICLR 2025GROOT-2: Weakly Supervised Multimodal Instruction Following Agents
212. ICLR 2025Grounding by Trying: LLMs with Reinforcement Learning-Enhanced Retrieval
213. ICLR 2025Handling Delay in Real-Time Reinforcement Learning
214. ICLR 2025HASARD: A Benchmark for Vision-Based Safe Reinforcement Learning in Embodied Agents
215. ICLR 2025HERO: Human-Feedback Efficient Reinforcement Learning for Online Diffusion Model Finetuning
216. ICLR 2025Hierarchical World Models as Visual Whole-Body Humanoid Controllers
217. ICLR 2025Highly Efficient Self-Adaptive Reward Shaping for Reinforcement Learning
218. ICLR 2025Horizon Generalization in Reinforcement Learning
219. ICLR 2025How Does Vision-Language Adaptation Impact the Safety of Vision Language Models?
220. ICLR 2025How Far Are We from True Unlearnability?
221. ICLR 2025How to Evaluate Reward Models for RLHF
222. ICLR 2025How to Find the Exact Pareto Front for Multi-Objective MDPs?
223. ICLR 2025Humanizing the Machine: Proxy Attacks to Mislead LLM Detectors
224. ICLR 2025HyPoGen: Optimization-Biased Hypernetworks for Generalizable Policy Generation
225. ICLR 2025Hypothetical Minds: Scaffolding Theory of Mind for Multi-Agent Tasks with Large Language Models
226. ICLR 2025Inference-Aware Fine-Tuning for Best-of-N Sampling in Large Language Models
227. ICLR 2025Innovative Thinking, Infinite Humor: Humor Research of Large Language Models through Structured Thought Leaps
228. ICLR 2025INS: Interaction-aware Synthesis to Enhance Offline Multi-agent Reinforcement Learning
229. ICLR 2025Integral Performance Approximation for Continuous-Time Reinforcement Learning Control
230. ICLR 2025Intelligent Go-Explore: Standing on the Shoulders of Giant Foundation Models
231. ICLR 2025Interpreting Emergent Planning in Model-Free Reinforcement Learning
232. ICLR 2025IntersectionZoo: Eco-driving for Benchmarking Multi-Agent Contextual Reinforcement Learning
233. ICLR 2025InvestESG: A multi-agent reinforcement learning benchmark for studying climate investment as a social dilemma
234. ICLR 2025Iterative Label Refinement Matters More than Preference Optimization under Weak Supervision
235. ICLR 2025Iterative Nash Policy Optimization: Aligning LLMs with General Preferences via No-Regret Learning
236. ICLR 2025Joint Reward and Policy Learning with Demonstrations and Human Feedback Improves Alignment
237. ICLR 2025Kinetix: Investigating the Training of General Agents through Open-Ended Physics-Based Control Tasks
238. ICLR 2025Langevin Soft Actor-Critic: Efficient Exploration through Uncertainty-Driven Critic Learning
239. ICLR 2025Language Guided Skill Discovery
240. ICLR 2025Latent Safety-Constrained Policy Approach for Safe Offline Reinforcement Learning
241. ICLR 2025Lean-STaR: Learning to Interleave Thinking and Proving
242. ICLR 2025Learn Your Reference Model for Real Good Alignment
243. ICLR 2025Learning a Fast Mixing Exogenous Block MDP using a Single Trajectory
244. ICLR 2025Learning Continually by Spectral Regularization
245. ICLR 2025Learning Diverse Attacks on Large Language Models for Robust Red-Teaming and Safety Tuning
246. ICLR 2025Learning from negative feedback, or positive feedback or both
247. ICLR 2025Learning Generalizable Skills from Offline Multi-Task Data for Multi-Agent Cooperation
248. ICLR 2025Learning mirror maps in policy mirror descent
249. ICLR 2025Learning on One Mode: Addressing Multi-modality in Offline Reinforcement Learning
250. ICLR 2025Learning Robust Representations with Long-Term Information for Generalization in Visual Reinforcement Learning

FAQ

How many Reinforcement Learning papers were published at NeurIPS, ICLR, ICML and CVPR from 2023 to 2026?

6,885 in total: 1,070 in 2023, 1,190 in 2024, 1,640 in 2025, 2,985 in 2026.

How many Reinforcement Learning papers are at NeurIPS 2026?

NeurIPS 2026 has 760 Reinforcement Learning papers, versus 784 the year before.

How many Reinforcement Learning papers are at ICLR 2026?

ICLR 2026 has 911 Reinforcement Learning papers, versus 379 the year before.

How many Reinforcement Learning papers are at ICML 2026?

ICML 2026 has 1,021 Reinforcement Learning papers, versus 405 the year before.

How many Reinforcement Learning papers are at CVPR 2026?

CVPR 2026 has 293 Reinforcement Learning papers, versus 72 the year before.

Which conference publishes the most Reinforcement Learning papers?

NeurIPS, with 2,494 papers from 2023 to 2026.