ICML 2026 Papers

Reward design remains a critical bottleneck in visual reinforcement learning (RL) for robotic manipulation. In simulated environments, rewards are conventionally designed based on the distance to a target position. However, such precise positional information is often unavailable in real-world visual settings due to sensory and perceptual limitations. In this study, we propose a method that implicitly infers spatial distances through keypoints extracted from images. Building on this, we introduce Reward Learning with Anticipation Model (ReLAM), a novel framework that automatically generates dense, structured rewards from action-free video demonstrations. ReLAM first learns an anticipation model that serves as a planner and proposes intermediate keypoint-based subgoals on the optimal path to the final goal, creating a structured learning curriculum directly aligned with the task's geometric objectives. Based on the anticipated subgoals, a continuous reward signal is provided to train a low-level, goal-conditioned policy under the hierarchical reinforcement learning (HRL) framework with provable sub-optimality bound. Extensive experiments on complex, long-horizon manipulation tasks show that ReLAM significantly accelerates learning and achieves superior performance compared to SOTA methods.

Bimanual dexterous manipulation relies on integrating multimodal inputs to perform complex real-world tasks. To address the challenges of effectively combining these modalities, we propose DECO, a decoupled multimodal diffusion transformer that disentangles vision, proprioception, and tactile signals through specialized conditioning pathways, enabling structured and controllable integration of multimodal inputs, with a lightweight adapter for parameter-efficient injection of additional signals. Alongside DECO, we release DECO-50 dataset for bimanual dexterous manipulation with tactile sensing, consisting of 50 hours of data and over 5M frames, collected via teleoperation on real dual-arm robots. We train DECO on DECO-50 and conduct extensive real-world evaluation with over 2,000 robot rollouts. Experimental results show that DECO achieves the best performance across all tasks, with a 72.25\% average success rate and a 21\% improvement over the baseline. Moreover, the tactile adapter brings an additional 10.25\% average success rate across all tasks and a 20\% gain on complex contact-rich tasks while tuning less than 10\% of the model parameters.

While Vision-Language-Action (VLA) models offer broad general capabilities, deploying them on specific hardware requires real-world adaptation to bridge the embodiment gap. Since robot demonstrations are costly, this adaptation must often occur under a strict data budget. In this work, we identify a critical **diversity trap**: the standard heuristic of ``maximizing coverage" by collecting diverse, single-shot demonstrations can be self-defeating due to non-vanishing estimation noise. We formalize this phenomenon as a **Coverage--Density Trade-off**. By decomposing the policy error into estimation (density) and extrapolation (coverage) terms, we characterize an interior optimal allocation of unique conditions for a fixed budget. Guided by this analysis, we propose **Anchor-Centric Adaptation (ACA)**, a two-stage framework that first stabilizes a policy skeleton through repeated demonstrations at core anchors, then selectively expands coverage to high-risk boundaries via teacher-forced error mining and constrained residual updates. Real-robot experiments validate our trade-off framework and demonstrate that ACA significantly improves task reliability and success rates over standard diverse sampling strategies under the same budget.

Robotic manipulation of flat objects is challenging due to the ungraspable configurations and strong variations in object geometry and material. Existing methods rely on heuristic pre-manipulation and are often evaluated in closed settings with limited generalization. We propose a unified framework that decouples the manipulation into a strategy generator and an action execution module. The strategy generator predicts appropriate manipulation strategies from object point clouds by learning strategy-centric, object-invariant representations via simulated data transformation and contrastive learning. Conditioned on the predicted strategy, the execution module decomposes long-horizon manipulation into reusable action primitives and dynamically composes them to generate stable trajectories. To enable systematic evaluation, we introduce FlatLab, a comprehensive simulation benchmark for robotic flat object manipulation. FlatLab provides high-fidelity physical simulation of diverse rigid and deformable flat objects, automated multi-modal data collection, and standardized task definitions and evaluation protocols. Experiments conducted in FlatLab demonstrate that our approach generalizes effectively to unseen objects and categories, outperforming existing baselines. The project page and the code are provided at \url{https://flatlab-web.github.io/}.