CVPR 2026 Papers

Federated learning (FL) has become a promising paradigm for collaborative medical image analysis, yet existing frameworks remain tightly coupled to task-specific backbones and are fragile under heterogeneous imaging modalities. Such constraints hinder real-world deployment, where institutions vary widely in modality distributions and must support diverse downstream tasks. To address this limitation, we propose OmniFM,a modality- and task-agnostic FL framework that unifies training across classification,segmentation, super-resolution, visual question answering,and multimodal fusion without re-engineering the optimization pipeline. OmniFM builds on a key frequency-domain insight: low-frequency spectral components exhibit strong cross-modality consistency and encode modality-invariant anatomical structures. Accordingly, OmniFM integrates(i) Global Spectral Knowledge Retrieval to inject global frequency priors, (ii) Embedding-wise Cross-Attention Fusion to align representations, and (iii) Prefix-Suffix Spectral Prompting to jointly condition global and personalized cues, together regularized by a Spectral-Proximal Alignment objective that stabilizes aggregation. Experiments on real-world datasets show that OmniFM consistently surpasses state-of-the-art FL baselines across intra- and cross-modality heterogeneity, achieving superior results under both fine-tuning and training-from-scratch setups.

Video Large Language Models (VLLMs) demonstrate strong video understanding but suffer from inefficiency due to redundant visual tokens. Existing pruning primary targets intra-frame spatial redundancy or prunes inside the LLM with shallow-layer overhead, yielding suboptimal spatiotemporal reduction and underutilizing long-context compressibility. All of them often discard subtle yet informative context from merged or pruned tokens. In this paper, we propose a new perspective that elaborates token Anchors within intra-frame and inter-frame to comprehensively aggregate the informative contexts via local-global Optimal Transport (AOT). Specifically, we first establish local- and global-aware token anchors within each frame under the attention guidance, which then optimal transport aggregates the informative contexts from pruned tokens, constructing intra-frame token anchors. Then, building on the temporal frame clips, the first frame within each clip will be considered as the keyframe anchors to ensemble similar information from consecutive frames through optimal transport, while keeping distinct tokens to represent temporal dynamics, leading to efficient token reduction in a training-free manner. Extensive evaluations show that our proposed AOT obtains competitive performances across various short- and long-video benchmarks on leading video LLMs, obtaining substantial computational efficiency while preserving temporal and visual fidelity.

Text-to-image (T2I) models such as Stable Diffusion have advanced rapidly and are widely used in content creation. However, these models can be misused to generate harmful content, including nudity or violence, posing significant safety risks. While most platforms employ content moderation systems, underlying vulnerabilities can still be exploited by adversaries. Recent research on red-teaming and adversarial attacks against T2I models faces a critical limitation: existing methods struggle to balance prompt stealthiness with image toxicity. Some studies successfully generate highly toxic images but use adversarial prompts that are easily detected by safety filters, while others focus on bypassing safety mechanisms but fail to produce genuinely harmful outputs, neglecting the discovery of truly high-risk prompts. Consequently, there remains a lack of reliable tools for evaluating the safety of defended T2I models. To address this gap, we propose GenBreak, a framework that fine-tunes a red-team large language model (LLM) to systematically explore underlying vulnerabilities in T2I generators. Our approach combines supervised fine-tuning on curated datasets with reinforcement learning via interaction with a surrogate T2I model. By integrating multiple reward signals, we guide the LLM to craft adversarial prompts that enhance both evasion capability and image toxicity, while maintaining semantic coherence and diversity. These prompts demonstrate strong effectiveness in black-box attacks against commercial T2I generators, revealing practical safety weaknesses. Code is available at https://github.com/wangdandan567/RT-diffuser.

Although the temporal spike dynamics of spiking neural networks (SNNs) enable low-power temporal capture capabilities, they also incur inherent inconsistencies that severely compromise representation. In this paper, we perform dual consistency optimization via Stable Spike to mitigate this problem, thereby improving the recognition performance of SNNs. With the hardware-friendly "AND" bit operation, we efficiently decouple the stable spike skeleton from the multi-timestep spike maps, which captures critical semantics and reduces the inconsistency from variable noise spikes. Enforcing the unstable spike maps to converge to the stable spike skeleton significantly improves the inherent consistency across timesteps. Furthermore, we inject amplitude-aware spike noise into the stable spike skeleton to diversify the representations while preserving consistent semantics. The SNN is encouraged to produce perturbation-consistent predictions, thereby contributing to generalization. Extensive experiments across multiple architectures and datasets validate the effectiveness and versatility of our method. In particular, our method significantly advances neuromorphic object recognition under ultra-low latency, improving accuracy by up to 8.33%. This will help unlock the full power consumption and speed potential of SNNs.

RGB-Event object detection is able to capture clear and detailed features of the target while maintaining high-speed information collection. It is suitable for high dynamic or harsh environments and has become a research hotspot in recent years. The existing RGB-Event object detectors all struggle to fully utilize the fusion features of two modalities, but do not explicitly disentangle shared vs. private features to dedicated branches. To fully tap into the potential of single features, we propose a frequency-domain coherence-based Shared and Private Features Decoupling method for RGB-Event object detection, SPFD network. First, we design a FCFS module to separate shared and private features by exploring the spectral energy distribution differences between dual modalities. Then, we design a TriAdapt Encoder to process the shared and private features, selectively emphasizing texture-rich RGB features in static regions and motion-sensitive event features in dynamic regions, thereby achieving a robust balance between spatial detail and temporal awareness. Finally, a TriInject Decoder is proposed to emphasize the most discriminative modality features dynamically. Experimental results on the DSEC-Det and PKU-DAVIS-SOD datasets demonstrate that our model achieves competitive performance with state-of-the-art methods.

Spatial registration across different visual modalities is a critical but formidable step in multi-modality image fusion for real-world perception. Although several methods are proposed to address this issue, the existing registration-based fusion methods typically require extensive pre-registration operations, limiting their efficiency. To overcome these limitations, a general cross-modality registration method guided by visual priors is proposed for infrared and visible image fusion task, termed FusionRegister. Firstly, FusionRegister achieves robustness by learning cross-modality misregistration representations rather than forcing alignment of all differences, ensuring stable outputs even under challenging input conditions. Moreover, FusionRegister demonstrates strong generality by operating directly on fused results, where misregistration is explicitly represented and effectively handled, enabling seamless integration with diverse fusion methods while preserving their intrinsic properties. In addition, its efficiency is further enhanced by serving the backbone fusion method as a natural visual prior provider, which guides the registration process to focus only on mismatch regions, thereby avoiding redundant operations. Extensive experiments on three datasets demonstrate that FusionRegister not only inherits the fusion quality of state-of-the-art methods, but also delivers superior detail alignment and robustness, making it highly suitable for infrared and visible image fusion method. The code will be available at https://github.com/bociic/FusionRegister.

Domain Adaptive Object Detection (DAOD) aims to transfer detectors from a labeled source domain to an unlabeled target domain.Existing DAOD methods employ multi-granularity feature alignment to learn domain-invariant representations.However, the local connectivity of their CNN-based backbone and detection head restricts alignment to local regions, failing to extract global domain-invariant features.Although transformer-based DAOD methods capture global dependencies via attention mechanisms, their quadratic computational cost hinders practical deployment. To solve this, we propose DA-Mamba, a hybrid CNN-State Space Models (SSMs) architecture that combines the efficiency of CNNs with the linear-time long-range modeling capability of State Space Models (SSMs) to capture both global and local domain-invariant features.Specifically, we introduce two novel modules: Image-Aware SSM (IA-SSM) and Object-Aware SSM (OA-SSM).IA-SSM is integrated into the backbone to enhance global domain awareness, enabling image-level global and local alignment.OA-SSM is inserted into the detection head to model spatial and semantic dependencies among objects, enhancing instance-level alignment.Comprehensive experiments demonstrate that the proposed method can efficiently improve the cross-domain performance of the object detector.

Millimeter-wave radar's all-weather capability makes it increasingly vital for autonomous perception. However, the high cost of radar data collection drives the need for data generation to augment radar datasets. Existing works mainly target partial radar representations, e.g., 2D or 3D slices, leading to information loss and limited downstream performance. To overcome these issues, we introduce the novel task of LiDAR-to-4DRadar translation, which generates complete 4D radar tensors, with three spatial and one Doppler axes, guided by LiDAR data that preserve spatial and semantic consistency. We propose a novel diffusion bridge model in an aligned LiDAR-4DRadar latent space, namely L2RLDB, to tackle this task. Specifically, first, a key-voxel-aware VAE compresses high-dimensional, noisy radar tensors into a compact latent space, while enabling precise numerical reconstruction and key-voxel identification. Second, to bridge the cross-modal gap between sparse 3D LiDAR and dense 4D radar, we develop a patch-wise contrastive learning module to align LiDAR latents with radar semantically and spatially. Finally, we formulate the translation as a diffusion bridge process between LiDAR and radar latents, enabling the synthesis of full radar tensors from Doppler-lacking LiDAR inputs. Experiments verify that L2RLDB achieves high-fidelity 4D radar generation and significantly improves downstream detection through data augmentation.

Dynamic driving scene modeling is critical for autonomous driving simulation and closed-loop learning. While recent feed-forward methods offer fast inference through data-driven priors, they struggle with long-range driving sequences due to quadratic complexity in sequence length and restrictive assumptions for dynamic objects. We propose UFO, a novel recurrent paradigm that combines the strengths of optimization-based and feed-forward methods for efficient long-range 4D modeling. Our approach maintains a persistent 4D scene representation composed of scene tokens that are progressively refined as new frames arrive, enabling future observations to correct earlier uncertain predictions. A visibility-based filtering mechanism exploits the locality of 3D-to-pixel correspondence, reducing complexity from quadratic to near-linear in sequence length. For dynamic objects, we introduce object pose-guided modeling with learned lifespans, enabling complex long-range motion without kinematic assumptions. Experiments on the Waymo Open Dataset demonstrate that UFO significantly outperforms both per-scene optimization and feed-forward baselines across 2s, 8s, and zero-shot 16s sequences.

Noisy, partially overlapping data and the need for real-time processing pose major challenges for rigid registration. Considering that feature-based matching can handle large transformation differences but suffers from limited accuracy, while local geometry-based matching can achieve fine-grained local alignment but relies heavily on a good initial transformation, we propose a novel dual-space paradigm to fully leverage the strengths of both approaches. First, we introduce an efficient filtering mechanism consisting of a computationally lightweight one-point RANSAC algorithm and a subsequent refinement module to eliminate unreliable feature-based correspondences. Subsequently, we treat the filtered correspondences as anchor points, extract geometric proxies, and formulate an effective objective function with a tailored solver to estimate the transformation. Experiments verify our method's effectiveness, as demonstrated by a 32x CPU-time speedup over MAC on KITTI with comparable accuracy. Project page: https://ustc3dv.github.io/DualReg/.

Dense 3D shape correspondence remains a central challenge in computer vision and graphics as many deep learning approaches still rely on intermediate geometric features or handcrafted descriptors, limiting their effectiveness under non-isometric deformations, partial data, and non-manifold inputs. To overcome these issues, we introduce RINO, an unsupervised, rotation-invariant dense correspondence framework that effectively unifies rigid and non-rigid shape matching. The core of our method is the novel RINONet, a feature extractor that integrates vector-based SO(3)-invariant learning with orientation-aware complex functional maps to extract robust features directly from raw geometry. This allows for a fully end-to-end, data-driven approach that bypasses the need for shape pre-alignment or handcrafted features. Extensive experiments show unprecedented performance of RINO across challenging non-rigid matching tasks, including arbitrary poses, non-isometry, partiality, non-manifoldness, and noise.

Model reprogramming adapts pretrained models to downstream tasks by modifying their input and output spaces. Visual reprogramming, as a prominent instance, has been explored in pioneer works on CLIP, which introduces learnable input transformations as visual prompts to repurpose its visual-language alignment for downstream visual tasks. Existing VR methods focus on single-level alignment between prompted images and text descriptions, overlooking inherent structural information in data that facilitates alignment: semantic granularity from label hierarchies and visual granularity from multi-scale representations. To address this gap, we propose Dual Granularity Alignment (DGA) with two key components for multi-level fusion. For visual granularity, we generate multi-scale images and introduce Uncertainty-calibrated Prediction Fusion (UPF), which fuses predictions based on uncertainty estimation to capture hierarchical spatial information. For semantic granularity, we construct category hierarchies via Prototype-guided Label Hierarchization and develop Hierarchical Knowledge Propagation (HKP), which transfers superclass knowledge for coherent multi-level visual prompts alignment. Our DGA collaboratively integrates both granularities to enhance alignment effectiveness. Experiments across 12 downstream datasets demonstrate DGA's superiority over baselines on both ViT-based and ResNet-based CLIP architectures. Specifically, DGA achieves a 4.5% improvement over the previous state-of-the-art method on ViT-16-based CLIP. By explicitly modeling structural granularities, DGA establishes a new paradigm for visual reprogramming.

Recent advances in Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs) have enabled unified multimodal understanding and generation. However, they still struggle with fine-grained text-image alignment, often failing to faithfully depict objects with correct attributes such as color, shape, and spatial relationships. To mitigate this issue, previous studies have explored preference optimization methods such as DPO and GRPO, but these approaches incur substantial computational cost, both in constructing preference data and in performing optimization. This has motivated self-improving preference optimization approaches, in which the MLLM autonomously generates its own training data, self-estimates preference feedback, and self-optimizes using the resulting self-constructed preference pairs. However, existing self-improving methods still overlook fine-grained, object-level semantics, allowing object hallucination to persist. To tackle this problem, we propose Object-centric Self-improving Preference Optimization (OSPO), a self-improving framework designed to enhance object-level text-image alignment. OSPO explicitly constructs object-centric preference data without relying on any external data or models. We also introduce a new approach that leverages attention-based object masks together with an object-weighted SimPO loss to enhance object-specific fidelity. Extensive experiments on three compositional image generation benchmarks demonstrate that OSPO significantly improves fine-grained alignment and reduces object hallucination, outperforming prior self-improving methods and even specialized diffusion-based text-to-image models.

Understanding dynamic 3D environments is essential for safe autonomous driving, particularly when reasoning about human-centric, nonrigid agents. However, existing weakly supervised occupancy prediction frameworks predominantly assume rigid-body motion and rely on simple frame-to-frame offsets, limiting their ability to capture fine-grained deformations and maintain temporal coherence. To address this issue, we propose DeGO, a deformable Gaussian occupancy framework that unifies decoupled Gaussian deformation with factorized 4D foundation-model distillation. DeGO disentangles rigid and nonrigid motion, enabling each Gaussian primitive to evolve through both deformation and offset-based updates. In parallel, a factorized 4D distillation strategy transfers cross-camera and cross-frame knowledge from the VGGT foundation model, producing foundation-aligned features that enhance temporal consistency. Experiments on the Occ3D-NuScenes benchmark demonstrate that our method achieves state-of-the-art performance under weak supervision, delivering 13.5% gains on human-centric instances and 10.9% overall improvements. These results highlight the effectiveness of deformation-aware and foundation-guided occupancy modeling for dynamic scene understanding.

Face-swapping deepfakes allow realistic identity transfer, which can serve creative purposes but increases the risk of identity abuse. A proactive defense aims to prevent deepfake creation by obstructing identity feature extraction from input images, essential for identity-driven face-swapping. Existing proactive defense approaches aim to protect faces by hindering accurate identity feature extraction, but tend to introduce visible artifacts and fail to degrade the visual quality of the face-swapping deepfakes. This work proposes a proactive face-swapping defense using identity blending and attribute distortion (DeepProtect) that integrates global identity fusion in the latent space and local prompt-driven adversarial watermarking to address these problems. This work dilutes distinct identity representations by channel-wise blending of multiple identities in the latent space and optimizing the generator for visual consistency. The proposed approach distorts facial components in the identity space, directly influencing how faces are reconstructed in deepfakes. This approach applies semantic directions derived from user-provided text prompts to embed imperceptible adversarial watermarks that selectively distort facial attributes, affecting the visual fidelity of deepfake results. The proposed method hinders face-swapping deepfakes while preserving the perceptual quality of the protected images, offering a robust and practical solution for facial privacy protection. The experimental results reveal that DeepProtect effectively defends against face-swapping deepfakes while preserving visual consistency.

Federated Learning (FL) faces a fundamental dilemma: existing defenses against gradient leakage attacks (GLAs) invariably sacrifice model performance for privacy protection through noise injection or gradient clip. We introduce Federated Learning with Momentum-Based Orthogonal Projection (FedMOP), a method that simultaneously achieves strong privacy guarantees and superior model performance. The key insight is to leverage initialization-based offset mechanisms that operate on orthogonal dimensions. For performance enhancement, FedMOP employs gradient orthogonal projection to counteract local drift, effectively offsetting each client's round-training initial model using global statistical context. For privacy protection, it introduces momentum-based trajectory offset hiding, which makes the offset vector inherently unrecoverable by constructing information barriers through private initialization and randomized evolution. These two mechanisms are synergistic rather than antagonistic. Theoretically, we prove convergence preservation and characterize the computationally infeasible inverse problem faced by attackers. Extensive experiments on CIFAR-10/100 and Tiny-ImageNet demonstrate that FedMOP not only defends effectively against state-of-the-art GLAs but also surpasses existing FL methods in both accuracy and convergence speed, validating its ability to jointly enhance privacy and performance in FL. Codes are available at https://github.com/zyl123456aB/FedMOP.

Recent progress in text-to-image generation has greatly advanced visual fidelity and creativity, but it has also imposed higher demands on prompt complexity--particularly in encoding intricate spatial relationships. In such cases, achieving satisfactory results often requires multiple sampling attempts.To address this challenge, we introduce a novel method that strengthens the spatial understanding of current image generation models. We first construct the **SpatialReward-Dataset** with over 80k preference pairs. Building on this dataset, we build **SpatialScore**, a reward model designed to evaluate the accuracy of spatial relationships in text-to-image generation, achieving performance that even surpasses leading proprietary models on spatial evaluation.% Through rigorous data curation and filtering, **SpatialScore** surpasses several leading vision-language models (VLMs) and existing reward models on spatial evaluation. We further demonstrate that this reward model effectively enables online reinforcement learning for the complex spatial generation. Extensive experiments across multiple benchmarks show that our specialized reward model yields significant and consistent gains in spatial understanding for image generation. All models and datasets will be released.

Accurate 3D understanding of human hands and objects during manipulation remains a significant challenge for egocentric computer vision. Existing hand-object interaction datasets are predominantly captured in controlled studio settings, which limits both environmental diversity and the ability of models trained on such data to generalize to real-world scenarios. To address this challenge, we introduce a novel marker-less multi-camera system that allows for nearly unconstrained mobility in genuinely in-the-wild conditions, while still having the ability to generate precise 3D annotations of hands and objects. The capture system consists of a lightweight, back-mounted, multi-camera rig that is synchronized and calibrated with a user-worn VR headset. For 3D ground-truth annotation of hands and objects, we develop an ego-exo tracking pipeline and rigorously evaluate its quality. Finally, we present SHOW3D, the first large-scale dataset with 3D annotations that show hands interacting with objects in diverse real-world environments, including outdoor settings. Our approach significantly reduces the fundamental trade-off between environmental realism and accuracy of 3D annotations, which we validate with experiments on several downstream tasks. The dataset will be publicly released upon acceptance. show3d-dataset.github.io

Multimodal Federated Learning (MFL) enables clients with heterogeneous data modalities to collaboratively train models without sharing raw data, offering a privacy-preserving framework that leverages complementary cross-modal information. However, existing methods often overlook personalized client performance and struggle with modality/task discrepancies, as well as model heterogeneity. To address these challenges, we propose FedAFD, a unified MFL framework that enhances client and server learning. On the client side, we introduce a bi-level adversarial alignment strategy to align local and global representations within and across modalities, mitigating modality and task gaps. We further design a granularity-aware fusion module to integrate global knowledge into the personalized features adaptively. On the server side, to handle model heterogeneity, we propose a similarity-guided ensemble distillation mechanism that aggregates client representations on shared public data based on feature similarity and distills the fused knowledge into the global model. Extensive experiments conducted under both IID and non-IID settings demonstrate that FedAFD achieves superior performance and efficiency for both the client and the server.