CVPR 2026 Papers

We introduce FlexAvatar, a method for creating high-quality and complete 3D head avatars from a single image. A core challenge lies in the limited availability of multi-view data and the tendency of monocular training to yield incomplete 3D head reconstructions. We identify the root cause of this issue as the entanglement between driving signal and target viewpoint when learning from monocular videos. To address this, we propose a transformer-based 3D portrait animation model with learnable data source tokens, so-called bias sinks, which enables unified training across monocular and multi-view datasets. This design leverages the strengths of both data sources during inference: strong generalization from monocular data and full 3D completeness from multi-view supervision. Furthermore, our training procedure yields a smooth latent avatar space that facilitates identity interpolation and flexible fitting to an arbitrary number of input observations. In extensive evaluations on single-view, few-shot, and monocular avatar creation tasks, we verify the efficacy of FlexAvatar. Many existing methods struggle with view extrapolation while FlexAvatar generates complete 3D head avatars with realistic facial animations.

Models for long-term point tracking are typically trained on large synthetic datasets. The performance of these models degrades in real-world videos due todifferent characteristics and the absence of dense ground-truth annotations.Self-training on unlabeled videos has been explored as a practical solution, but the quality of pseudo-labels strongly depends on the reliability of teacher predictions, which vary across frames and scenes.In this paper, we address the problem of real-world fine-tuning and introduce Verifier, a meta-model that learns to assess the reliability of tracker predictions and guide pseudo-label generation.Given candidate trajectories from multiple pretrained trackers, the verifier evaluates them per frame and selects the most trustworthy predictions to construct refined pseudo-label trajectories.When applied during fine-tuning, verifier-guided pseudo-labeling substantially improves the quality of supervision and enables data-efficient adaptation to unlabeled videos.Extensive experiments on four real-world benchmarks demonstrate that our approach achieves state-of-the-art results while requiring less data than prior self-training methods.

Accurate 3D understanding of human hands and objects during manipulation remains a significant challenge for egocentric computer vision. Existing hand-object interaction datasets are predominantly captured in controlled studio settings, which limits both environmental diversity and the ability of models trained on such data to generalize to real-world scenarios. To address this challenge, we introduce a novel marker-less multi-camera system that allows for nearly unconstrained mobility in genuinely in-the-wild conditions, while still having the ability to generate precise 3D annotations of hands and objects. The capture system consists of a lightweight, back-mounted, multi-camera rig that is synchronized and calibrated with a user-worn VR headset. For 3D ground-truth annotation of hands and objects, we develop an ego-exo tracking pipeline and rigorously evaluate its quality. Finally, we present SHOW3D, the first large-scale dataset with 3D annotations that show hands interacting with objects in diverse real-world environments, including outdoor settings. Our approach significantly reduces the fundamental trade-off between environmental realism and accuracy of 3D annotations, which we validate with experiments on several downstream tasks. The dataset will be publicly released upon acceptance. show3d-dataset.github.io

We propose Robo-SGG, a plug-and-play module for robust scene graph generation (SGG). Unlike standard SGG, robust SGG aims to perform inference on a diverse range of corrupted images, with the core challenge being the domain shift between clean and corrupted images. Existing SGG methods suffer from degraded performance due to shifted visual features (e.g., corruption interference or occlusions). To obtain robust visual features, we leverage layout information, which represents the global structure of an image and is robust to domain shift, to enhance the robustness of SGG methods under corruption. Specifically, we employ Instance Normalization (IN) to alleviate the domain-specific variations and recover the robust structural features (i.e., the positional and semantic relationships among objects) by the proposed Layout-Oriented Restitution. Furthermore, for corrupted images, we introduce a Layout-Embedded Encoder (LEE) that adaptively fuses layout and visual features via a gating mechanism, enhancing the robustness of positional and semantic representations for objects and predicates. Note that our proposed Robo-SGG can be easily integrated into any baseline SGG model. Extensive experiments demonstrate that by integrating our proposed Robo-SGG into the state-of-the-art method, we achieve relative improvements of 6.3%, 11.1%, and 8.0% in mR@50 for PredCls, SGCls, and SGDet tasks on the VG-C benchmark, respectively, and achieve new state-of-the-art performance in the corrupted scene graph generation benchmarks (VG-C and GQA-C). Our source code is available at https://github.com/MICLAB-BUPT/Robo-SGG.

In Class-Incremental Learning (CIL), parameter efficient fine-tuning applied to Pre-trained Models (PTMs) remain vulnerable to catastrophic forgetting as they adapt to new tasks. The prevalent strategy to mitigate catastrophic forgetting is to constrain gradients within the orthogonal subspaces of past tasks, while rigid gradient constraints hinder plasticity. In this paper, we propose a novel CIL framework, Dual Gradient and Semantic-Shift Guided Low-Rank Adaptation (DGS), that balances stability and plasticity via gradient fusion and maintains representation consistency through classifier and patch-token alignment. Specifically, our method introduces the Dual Gradient update strategy that first derives a base subspace projection from the PTMs and then fuses task-specific LoRA gradients with their aligned counterparts through interpolated combination. This design promotes knowledge retention without sacrificing task-specific expressiveness. Furthermore, we employ a Classifier Alignment mechanism with Semantic shift estimation which is based on the calibrated prototype statistics to mitigate classifier shift, and introduce a novel Patch-level Alignment loss to preserve feature consistency across tasks. Extensive experiments on six standard benchmarks demonstrate that our approach consistently outperforms existing CIL methods, highlighting its effectiveness and generalization capability in continual learning scenarios.

Feed-forward 3D modeling has emerged as a promising approach for rapid and high-quality 3D reconstruction. In particular, directly generating explicit 3D representations, such as 3D Gaussian splatting, has attracted significant attention due to its fast and high-quality rendering. However, many state-of-the-art methods, primarily based on transformer architectures, suffer from severe scalability issues because they rely on full attention across image tokens from multiple input views, resulting in prohibitive computational costs as the number of views or image resolution increases. Toward a scalable and efficient feed-forward 3D reconstruction, we introduce an iterative Large 3D Reconstruction Model (iLRM) that generates 3D Gaussian representations through an iterative refinement mechanism, guided by three core principles: (1) decoupling the scene representation from input images to enable compact 3D representations; (2) decomposing global multi-view interactions into a two-stage attention scheme to reduce computational costs; and (3) injecting high-resolution information at every layer to achieve high-fidelity reconstruction. Experimental results on widely used datasets, such as RE10K and DL3DV, demonstrate that iLRM outperforms existing methods in both reconstruction quality and speed.

We introduce OLATverse, a large-scale dataset comprising around 9M images of 765 real-world objects, captured from multiple viewpoints under a diverse set of precisely controlled lighting conditions. While recent advances in object-centric inverse rendering, novel view synthesis and relighting have shown promising results, most techniques still heavily rely on the synthetic datasets for training and small-scale real-world datasets for benchmarking, which limits their realism and generalization. To address this gap, OLATverse offers two key advantages over existing datasets: large-scale coverage of real objects and high-fidelity appearance under precisely controlled illuminations. Specifically, OLATverse contains 765 common and uncommon real-world objects, spanning a wide range of material categories. Each object is captured using 35 DSLR cameras and 331 individually controlled light sources, enabling the simulation of diverse illumination conditions. In addition, for each object, we provide well-calibrated camera parameters, accurate object masks, photometric surface normals, and diffuse albedo as auxiliary resources. We also construct an extensive evaluation set, establishing the first comprehensive real-world object-centric benchmark for inverse rendering and normal estimation. OLATverse is publicly available at https://vcai.mpi-inf.mpg.de/projects/OLATverse/.

Tracking any point (TAP) is a fundamental yet challenging task in computer vision, requiring high precision and long-term motion reasoning. Recent attempts to combine RGB frames and event streams have shown promise, yet they typically rely on synchronous or non-adaptive fusion, leading to temporal misalignment and severe degradation when one modality fails. We introduce TAPFormer, a transformer-based framework that performs asynchronous temporal-consistent fusion of frames and events for robust and high-frequency arbitrary point tracking.Our key innovation is a Transient Asynchronous Fusion (TAF) mechanism, which explicitly models the temporal evolution between discrete frames through continuous event updates--bridging the gap between low-rate frames and high-rate events. In addition, a Cross-modal Locally Weighted Fusion (CLWF) module adaptively adjusts spatial attention according to modality reliability, yielding stable and discriminative features even under blur or low light.To evaluate our approach under realistic conditions, we construct a novel real-world frame-event TAP dataset under diverse illumination and motion conditions.Our method outperforms existing point trackers, achieving a 28.2% improvement in average pixel error within threshold. Moreover, on standard point tracking benchmarks, our tracker consistently achieves the best performance. We will release the code and dataset upon acceptance to support future research.

Beyond general recognition tasks, specialized domains and fine-grained settings often encounter data scarcity, especially for tail classes. To obtain less biased and more reliable models under such scarcity, practitioners leverage diffusion models to supplement underrepresented regions of real data. Specifically, recent studies fine-tune pretrained diffusion models with LoRA on few-shot real sets to synthesize additional images. While an image-wise LoRA trained on a single image captures fine-grained details yet offers limited diversity, a class-wise LoRA trained over all shots produces diverse images as it encodes class priors yet tends to overlook fine details. To combine both benefits, we separate the adapter into a class-shared LoRA A for class priors and per-image LoRAs \mathcal B for image-specific characteristics. To expose coherent class semantics in the shared LoRA A, we propose a semantic boosting by preserving class bounding boxes during training. For generation, we compose A with a mixture of \mathcal B using coefficients drawn from a Dirichlet distribution. Across diverse datasets, our synthesized images are both diverse and detail-rich while closely aligning with the few-shot real distribution, yielding robust gains in downstream classification accuracy.

Model merging aims to combine multiple task-specific experts into a single model, but inter-task interference often causes severe degradation, especially when the experts are trained on heterogeneous objectives. Existing data-free methods are practical, yet largely rely on parameter-space heuristics without explicitly modeling task statistics. In this paper, we show that under a local linear approximation, the input covariance of each task can be estimated directly from its fine-tuning update, providing a principled bridge between parameter changes and data geometry in the data-free setting. Based on this insight, we propose ACE-Merging, a closed-form model merging framework with adaptive covariance normalization, a collective structural prior, and spectral refinement. Across both vision and language benchmarks, ACE-Merging achieves strong overall performance among data-free baselines. In particular, it improves the average score on GPT-2 by more than 4 points over prior methods, while also delivering strong scalability and competitive efficiency. Our code is available at https://github.com/unravel-xu/ACE-Merging/tree/main.

Pre-trained text-to-image (T2I) generative priors have shown success in depth and normal prediction. However, dense prediction is inherently an image-to-image task, suggesting that image editing models, rather than T2I generative models, may be a more suitable foundation for fine-tuning. Motivated by this, we conduct a systematic analysis of the fine-tuning behaviors of both editors and generators for dense geometry estimation. Our findings show that editing models possess inherent structural priors, which enable them to converge more stably by "refining" their innate features, and ultimately achieve higher performance than their generative counterparts. Based on these findings, we introduce FE2E, a framework that pioneeringly adapts an advanced editing model based on Diffusion Transformer (DiT) architecture for dense geometry prediction. Specifically, to tailor the editor for this deterministic task, we reformulate the editor's original flow matching loss into the "consistent velocity" training objective. And we use logarithmic quantization to resolve the precision conflict between the editor's native BFloat16 format and the high precision demand of our tasks. Additionally, we repurpose the editor's discarded region for a cost-free joint estimation of depth and normals, which improves the inference efficiency. Without scaling up the training data, FE2E achieves impressive performance improvements in zero-shot monocular depth and normal estimation across multiple datasets. Notably, it achieves over 35% performance gains on the ETH3D dataset and outperforms the DepthAnything series, which is trained on 100xdata.

Dataset Distillation (DD) aims to compress large-scale datasets into a small number of condensed Images Per Class (IPC), enabling efficient network training. Previous coreset selection and synthetic-based DD methods achieve reasonable performance. However, our in-depth investigation reveals that existing methods share a common issue: pattern imbalance. Specifically, they either overemphasize class-general patterns representing the majority of each class or focus on fewer marginal patterns critical for model generalization. To address this issue, we propose a novel framework, Balanced Patterns Selection (BPS). Unlike prior methods that assume each class forms a single cluster, BPS models the multiple visual pattern distribution within each class via a hierarchical semantic structure inherent to the dataset. It then selects two complementary subsets in a balanced manner from the center (class-general patterns) and the margins (marginal patterns) of each pattern, producing a pattern-balanced coreset. Theoretically, we prove that the BPS-selected coreset aligns with the original dataset in both information coverage and performance. Moreover, its model-agnostic selection nature ensures cross-architecture generalization, while the Optimize-Once-for-All-IPCs property guarantees efficiency. Extensive experiments on four benchmarks demonstrate that BPS significantly outperforms existing state-of-the-art methods. The source code is available at: https://github.com/BeCarefulOfYournaoke/BPS.

Interpreting individual neurons or directions in activation space is an important topic in mechanistic interpretability. Numerous automated interpretability methods have been proposed to generate such explanations, but it remains unclear how reliable these explanations are, and which methods produce the most accurate descriptions. While crowd-sourced evaluations are commonly used, existing pipelines are noisy, costly, and typically assess only the highest-activating inputs, leading to unreliable results. In this paper, we introduce two techniques to enable cost-effective and accurate crowdsourced evaluation of automated interpretability methods beyond top activating inputs. First, we propose Model-Guided Importance Sampling (MG-IS) to select the most informative inputs to show human raters. In our experiments, we show this reduces the number of inputs needed to reach the same evaluation accuracy by 13x. Second, we address label noise in crowd-sourced ratings through Bayesian Rating Aggregation (BRAgg), which allows us to reduce the number of ratings per input required to overcome noise by 3x. Together, these techniques reduce the evaluation cost by 40x, making large-scale evaluation feasible. Finally, we use our methods to conduct a large scale crowd-sourced study comparing recent automated interpretability methods for vision networks.

Performance estimation under distribution shift aims to predict how a model behaves on an unlabeled test set whose distribution differs from the training data, a scenario that requires reliable indicators that can faithfully reflect model behavior without ground-truth labels. Existing approaches rely solely on the outputs of the given model whose biases are amplified once the distribution shifts, weakening the correlation with the true performance. Motivated by this limitation, we propose Fused Reference Alignment Prediction (FRAP), which leverages the complementary strengths of an external foundation model and the base model to construct a more reliable surrogate of the ground-truth labels. FRAP aligns the prediction distribution of the foundation model with that of the base model by applying temperature-scaled calibration that minimizes their divergence. The aligned predictions are fused through confidence-based weighting into a refined reference distribution that integrates robustness from the foundation model and domain-specific expertise from the base model, and performance estimation is obtained by measuring how closely the base model predictions agree with this reference. Extensive experiments across diverse datasets and architectures show that FRAP provides consistent and substantial improvements over representative performance-estimation methods under distribution shift.

In structure from motion, quadrifocal tensors capture more information than their pairwise counterparts (essential matrices), yet they have often been thought of as impractical and only of theoretical interest. In this work, we challenge such beliefs by providing a new framework to recover n cameras from the corresponding collection of quadrifocal tensors. We form the block quadrifocal tensor and show that it admits a Tucker decomposition whose factor matrices are the stacked camera matrices, and which thus has a multilinear rank of (4,4,4,4) independent of n. We develop the first synchronization algorithm for quadrifocal tensors, using Tucker decomposition, alternating direction method of multipliers, and iteratively reweighted least squares. We further establish relationships between the block quadrifocal, trifocal, and bifocal tensors, and introduce an algorithm that jointly synchronizes these three entities. Numerical experiments demonstrate the effectiveness of our methods on modern datasets, indicating the potential and importance of using higher-order information in synchronization.

Gaussian Splatting has become a leading reconstruction technique, known for its high-quality novel view synthesis and detailed reconstruction. However, most existing methods require dense, calibrated views. Reconstruction from free sparse-view images often leads to poor surface due to limited overlap and overfitting.We introduce FSFSplatter for fast geometrically accurate reconstruction from free sparse-view images. Our method integrates end-to-end dense Gaussian scene initialization and geometry-enhanced scene optimization.Specifically, FSFSplatter employs a large transformer to encode multi-view images and generates a dense and geometrically consistent Gaussian scene initialization via a batch based self-splitting Gaussian head. It eliminates local floaters through contribution-based pruning and mitigates overfitting by leveraging depth and multi-view feature supervision, along with differentiable camera parameters within 2 minutes.FSFSplatter outperforms current state-of-the-art methods on widely used DTU, Replica, and BlendedMVS datasets.

Automated 3D pulmonary vessel segmentation from CT images is crucial for improving early screening and assessment of pulmonary vessel related diseases. However, it remains an extremely challenging task due to the complex and tree-like structures of vessels, large scale-variations, and the existence of highly similar tissues in the background. Existing segmentation models either cannot sufficiently capture long-range structural dependencies, which are of great importance in vessel segmentation, or are constrained by insufficient computational resources in clinical settings. In this paper, we propose VesMamba, a novel model for 3D pulmonary vessel segmentation that comprehensively addresses these challenges. Specifically, we first devise a spatial-gated structural perception (SSP) module, which employs Mamba to efficiently capture long-range dependencies. In SSP, we design dynamic spatial attention convolutions (DSAC) for dynamically learning the tree-like 3D vessel structures, providing Mamba with the spatial perception capability to better track the complicated topologies of vessels. Second, we propose an innovative bidirectional scale-aware filter (BSF) module to strengthen the representation capability of the encoder, facilitating our model to focus on vessels of different scales under noise. Moreover, we apply a mask-constrained decoder to further improve segmentation consistency and accuracy, which constrains the inference of adjacent low-layer decoders directly by high-layer masks. Extensive experiments on the public Parse22 and internal Lung79 datasets demonstrate that our method can achieve better performance than SOTAs. Code is available at https://github.com/Lzpbright/VesMamba.

Retrieving rare and safety-critical driving scenarios from large-scale datasets is essential for building robust autonomous driving (AD) systems. As dataset sizes continue to grow, the key challenge shifts from collecting more data to efficiently identifying the most relevant samples. We introduce SearchAD, a large-scale rare image retrieval dataset for AD containing over 423k frames drawn from 11 established datasets. SearchAD provides high-quality manual annotations of more than 513k bounding boxes covering 90 rare categories. It specifically targets the "needle-in-a-haystack" problem of locating extremely rare classes, with some appearing fewer than 50 times across the entire dataset. Unlike existing benchmarks, which focused on instance-level retrieval, SearchAD emphasizes semantic image retrieval with a well-defined data split, enabling text-to-image and image-to-image retrieval, few-shot learning, and fine-tuning of multi-modal retrieval models. Comprehensive evaluations show that text-based methods outperform image-based ones due to stronger inherent semantic grounding. While models directly aligning spatial visual features with language achieve the best zero-shot results, and our fine-tuning baseline significantly improves performance, absolute retrieval capabilities remain unsatisfactory. With a held-out test set on a public benchmark server, SearchAD establishes the first large-scale dataset for retrieval-driven data curation and long-tail perception research in AD: https://iis-esslingen.github.io/searchad/

Directly editing ultra-high-resolution (UHR) images is valuable but underexplored, primarily due to the lack of high-quality data and the challenge in modeling high-frequency texture details. We introduce VINS-120K, the first large-scale dataset for instruction-based UHR image editing, comprising 120K carefully curated triplets of instruction, input image, and edited image. Each image exceeds 4K resolution (\geq4096x4096) and is filtered through a rigorous multi-stage pipeline to ensure visual quality, instruction alignment, and aesthetic fidelity. Built on VINS-120K, we further develop a high-frequency-aware post-adaptation strategy to extend pretrained non-high-resolution models to the UHR regime. We also present VINS-4KEval, a benchmark covering diverse editing types, to facilitate consistent evaluation in UHR settings. Experiments confirm that our work improves fine-grained detail synthesis and texture realism in UHR image editing.